Erik IX. -1160. King 1150-, Patron Saint of Sweden. Killed trying to convert Finns.

Erik the Red. Norwegian explorer, discovered Greenland c985. Established First colony.

Erinyes. Greek goddesses of vengeance. =Furies.

Eritrea. 2-9C Aksumite (Ethiopian) Empire. 16C Ottoman. 17-19C Dispute. 1889 Italy. 1941 Britain. 1952 Autonomous within Ethiopian Empire. 1962 Ethiopian province. 1993 Independent.

Escalade. December 12 celebration of Savoy’s unsuccessful last attack on Geneva, 1602.

Escurial. 1557. Spanish monastery near Madrid built by Philip II to commemorate St-Quentin victory.

Esterhazy, Ferdinand. 1847-1923. French. Sold secrets to Germans. Blamed Dreyfus.

Estonia. c1000BC Aesti. 9C- Vikings invade. 11,12C Russia, Denmark, Sweden invades. 1219 Denmark. 1346 Teutonic Knights buy. 16C Sweden/Poland/Denmark divide. 17C Sweden. 1721 Russian. 1918 Independent. 1919-33 Unstable governments. 1924 Failed Bolshevik revolution. 1934 Päts coup. 1940 USSR. 1991 Independent.

Estrées, Gabrielle d’. 1573-99. Mistress of French Henry IV.

Etaples, Treaty. 1492. England renounces claim to France, except Calais.

Ethelbert. 552-616. King of Kent 560-. First Christian Anglo-Saxon king. first extant A-S law code.

Ethelred the Unready. c968-1016. King of English 978-. Unable to defend against Danish raids. Drove them out, 1015.

Ethics. Study of what is good human conduct.

Ethiopia. c1000BC Semite. 1C Aksumite Kingdom. 10C Zagwe dynasty. 1270 Solomonic dynasty. 17C Divided. 1855 Re-united. 1935 Italy (Italian East Africa). 1941 Independent. 1952 +Eritrea. 1974 Coup, Republic. 1993 -Eritrea.

Etruscans. Asian people in Tuscany 8C BC. Taken by Rome, 4-3C BC. Skilful metal workers. Strong navy, merchant traders. Tarquins.

Euclid. c300BC. Greek mathematician. Discovered plane geometry. Elements.

Eugène of Savoy, Prince. 1663-1736. French General of H.R. Imperial armies. Defeated Turks in Vienna and Hungary.

Eugenics. Race improvement by selective mating. Galton.

Euler, Leonhard. 1707-83. Swiss mathematician. Calculus, optics. Analytic geometry.

Euphrosyne. Grace of mirth and merriment.

Euripides. c480-406BC. Greek tragic poet, sceptical of myths. Medea 431. Iphegenia. Electra.

Europa. Daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, raised by Zeus (Jupiter). Minos’ mother.

Europe, Council of. 1949-. To protect common heritage, human rights and harmonize legislation by replacing bilateral treaties.

European Community. 1967 European Union.

European Defence Community. 1950-54. Failed attempt at continental army.

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