Couperin, François. 1668-1733. French Baroque keyboard composer. Concerts Royeaux, Leçons de Ténebres 1714.

Cour Carrée. Central court of Louvre designed by Percier and Fontaine.

Cousin, Jean the Elder. 1490-1560. French painter. Eva Prima Pandora, early French nude.

Coward, Noel. 1899-1973. English playwright. Comedies of manners. Private Lives 1930.

Cowell, Henry. 1887-1965. US avant-garde composer. Tone Clusters.

Cranmer, Thomas. 1489-1556. First Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury. Executed by Queen Mary.

Crapper, Thomas. 1836-1910. British plumber. Installed Queen Victoria’s toilets. Manufacturer, but not inventor of syphonic flush toilets.

Crazy Horse. c1842-1877. Sioux Indian chief vs Custer at Little Bighorn.

Creek War. 1813-14. Creek Indians defeated by Jackson, give up lands to US.

Crépy, Treaty. 1544. Ends 23 years of war between Holy Roman Empire and France.

Cressida. Unfaithful to Troilus, she deserted Troy for the Greeks.

Crete. c6100BC Knossos civilization. 3500BC Minoan. 1100BC Greek 67BC Rome. 826 Saracen. 960 Byzantine. 1205 Venice. 1669 Ottoman. 1912 Greece. 1941-45 Germany occupies.

Crimean War. 1853-6. Russian attempt to get a Mediterranean port stopped by Turkey, England, France, Sardinia. Dispute over Holy places in Palestine.

Crispin and Crispinian, Sts. -c285. Martyred patron saints of shoemakers.

Croatia. Balkans. 812 Croatia. 1089 +Hungary. 1527 Ottoman/Hapsburg. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1920 +Dalmatia. 1941 Independent. 1945 Yugoslavia. 1992 Independent Republic.

Crockett, Davy. 1786-1836. US frontiersman. Killed at Alamo.

Croesus. -546BC. Last King of Lydia 560-.

Crofters Act. 1886. Gave rights, security to crofters.

Croker, JW. 1833. Coined ’Conservative’ for Tory.

Crookes, William. 1832-1919. English physicist. Invented Crookes tube. Discovered thallium. Radiometer.

Crosby, Bing. 1904-77. US singer and actor. White Christmas-best selling record until 1998.

Crucifixion. Abolished 4C by Constantine.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Crystal Palace. 1851. Built for the Great Exhibition, London. First iron-framed. Burned, 1936. Paxton.

Cuba. Ciboney, Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 1511 Spanish colony. 1517 Slaves brought. 1898 US. Spanish-American War. 1902 Republic. 1957-9 Castro Revolution, Communist dictatorship.

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