Conscription. 1793. Carnot devised first compulsory military service for France. Used in Egypt’s Old Kingdom.

Conservative Party. Britain. 1832. Successor to Tory Party.

Constable, John. 1776-1837. English Naturalist landscape painter. Hay Wain 1821. Valley Farm. Waterloo Bridge 1831.

Constance, Council. 1414-18. Ended Great Schism. Church council victory over papal power. Martin V elected pope.

Constantine I. 274-338. Roman Emperor 306-, established Christianity as official religion. Moved capital to Constantinople. United state and church.

Constantine V. 718-775. Byzantine Emperor 741-. Lost Rome and Italy.

Constantine XI. -1453. Last Byzantine Emperor 1449-. Died during Turkish siege.

Constantinople. Byzantium. Now Istanbul.

Constitution, US. 1787. Effective 1789. Defines government, liberties, basic laws. Amendments I-X 1791 Bill of Rights. XIII 1865 Abolishes slavery. XVIII 1919 Prohibition. XIX 1920 Women suffrage. XXI 1933 Repeals Prohibition. XXVI 1971 Voting age 18.

Consulate. 1799-1804. Napoleon’s military triumvirate after Directory overthrown.

Continental Army. 1775-81. American Revolution army under George Washington.

Continental System. 1806-12. Napoleon’s European embargo vs Britain. Russian refusal led to 1812 Campaign. British retaliation led to Anglo-American War 1812.

Convention Parliament. 1660. Restored monarchy. William and Mary 1689.

Conway Cabal. 1777 plot to replace Washington with Gates at head of Continental Army.

Cook, James. 1728-79. English explorer. Sailed to Tahiti to see transit of Venus, 1768. Charted New Zealand 1769. Claimed Australia 1770.

Cooper, James Fenimore. 1789-1851. US adventure writer: Last of Mohicans 1826. Deerslayer 1841.

Copenhagen, Battle. 1801. Nelson destroys Danish fleet. 1807. British bomb Copenhagen.

Copernicus, Nicolaus. 1473-1543. Polish astronomer, who demonstrated planetary motion around sun 1528. De Revolutionibus. Aristarchus. Galileo.

Copland, Aaron. 1900-90. US composer blending Jewish, folk, jazz, and Latin influences into a popular style. Experimented with serial techniques.

Copper Age. c3000BC. Early Bronze Age.

Coptics. Monophysite Christian church in Egypt. 451 Schism from Rome.

Copyright ©. 1518 Pynson, king’s printer. 1710 Britain. Copyright Act. 1789 Ramsey in US. 1831 US Act. 1838 International. 1886 Berne Convention. 1952 Universal Copyright Convention. 1988 US joins Berne. 1998 US Digital Millenium Copyright Act.

Corbeil, Treaty. 1258. France, Aragon. Settled territorial disputes.

Corday, Charlotte. 1768-93. Killed Marat July 13, 1793.

Cordoba, Treaty. 1821. Mexican independent from Spain.

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