Champs-Élysée. Paris boulevard. (=Elysian Fields.) Trees planted by Le Nôtre 1667. Named 1709.

Chandler, Raymond. 1888-1959. US novelist. Big Sleep 1939. Detective Philip Marlow.

Channel Islands. 911 Norman. 1066 England. Autonomous British crown possession.

Chanson de Roland. 12C French epic poem. Roncesvalles. Roland.

Chardin, Jean. 1699-1779. French painter of still life and domestic scenes. Le Buffet 1728.

Charles I. 1600-49. King of Great Britain and Ireland. 1625-. Attempted to rule without Parliament. Defeated in Civil War. Beheaded.

Charles I, of Anjou. 1226-85. French King of Naples and Sicily 1246-. Son of Louis VIII. Harsh rule. First Angevin.

Charles II. 1630-85. King of Great Britain and Ireland. Restored monarchy, 1660.

Charles IV, the Fair. 1294-1328. King of France 1322-, and Navarre. Won part of Aquitaine from England. Last Capetian.

Charles V. 1500-1558. Hapsburg king of Netherlands 1515-55, Spain 1516-56, Germany 1519-. Holy Roman Emperor 1519-56. Fought Francis I. Divided Austria from Spain. Fought Turks.

Charles VI, the Well-beloved. 1368-1422. King of France 1380-. Insanity led to Civil War. Berry.

Charles Martel. The Hammer. 685-741. Unified Franks. Poitiers victory. Charlemagne’s grandfather.

Charter to the Nobility. 1785. Rights and prerogatives of Russian nobility.

Charybdis. Whirlpool between Italy and Sicily, opposite Scylla.

Chateaubriand. 1768-1848. French Romantic writer: d’Atala 1801. Memoirs d’outre-tombe.

Chénier, André de. 1762-94. French poet. Elegies. Guillotined.

Chesterton, G.K. 1874-1936. English satirical essayist/novelist: Napoleon of Notting Hill 1904. “Socialism aims to take capital out of the hands of the few and put it into the hands of the fewer-the politicians.”

Chevalier, Maurice. 1888-1972. French singer and actor. Innocents of Paris 1929.

Chile. Inca/Araucanian. 1520 Magellan discovers. 1540 Spain. 1818 Independent. 1884 +War of Pacific. O’Higgins. Pinochet.

Chivalry. 12-15C. International brotherhood of knights and their code of conduct.

Chomsky, Noam. 1928-. US linguist. Invented transformational grammar. Language and the Mind.

Chopin, Fréderic. 1810-49. Polish/French composer of emotional expressiveness and pianist of great technical ability. Sand.

Chouans. 1793-1815. Breton peasants and smugglers, joined Vendée Royalists.

Chremonidean War. 267-261BC. Unsuccessful rebellion of Athens and Sparta vs Macedonians.

Christian II. King of Denmark and Norway, 1513-23; Sweden, 1520-3. End of Kalmar Union. Stockholm bloodbath.

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