Williams, Roger. c1603-83. English Calvinist founder of Rhode Island, Providence 1636. Introduced separation of church, state.

Willkie, Wendell. 1892-1944. New Deal critic. US Presidential candidate 1940. One World 1943.

Wilson, Edmund. 1895-1972. US essayist, critic. Triple Thinkers 1938. Wound and the Bow 1941.

Winchester. 972 First royal standard units of measure.

Windows. 12C Glass first used. 14C Mullioned (divided into panes). Tudor introduced bay and oriel. 18C curved bow windows.

Winstanley, Gerrard. c1609-60. Founder of Diggers 1649. True Leveller’s Standard Advanced 1649.

Winter War. 1939-40. USSR invades Finland.

Witt, Johan de. 1625-72. Dutch statesman. Rebuilt navy. Led Dutch Wars. Triple Alliance 1668. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Killed by Orangist mob.

Wolf, Hugo. 1860-1903. Austrian poet/song writer. Subtle interweaving of piano and vocal based on German, Spanish, Italian poems.

Woodhull, Victoria. 1838-1927. US reformer. First female presidential candidate 1872. Suffrage, free love advocate.

World War II. 1939-45. Allies-Britain, France, US(1941-), Russia(1941-) vs Axis-Italy, Germany, Japan, Russia(-1941). Caused by German Totalitarian expansionism resulting from WWI reparations and fear of Communism. 55M dead. 35M wounded. 30M refugees. Cost $US 1500B. Led to United Nations, Soviet power, State of Israel, atomic weapons.

Worms, Concordat of. 1122. Agreement between Pope Calixtus and Emperor Henry V to share power to appoint bishops and abbots. Spiritualia, regalia vested separately.

Worms, Synod. 1076. Called by Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV to depose Pope Gregory VII. 1122 Concordat of Worms.

Wren, Christopher. 1632-1723. English architect. Anglicized Classicism based on French and Dutch influence. Rebuilt 50 churches after 1666 London fire. St. Paul’s 1675. Greenwich Observatory 1675. Associated with craftsmanship of Tijou, Gibbons, Thornhill, Cibber. Sheldonian Theatre 1662. Trinity College Library 1676.

Wright, Frank Lloyd. 1869-1959. US “organic” architect. Introduced glass and steel forms. Guggenhem Museum 1943-59. Taliesin West 1938.

Wyandotte Constitution. 1859. Conclusion of Bleeding Kansas. Rejected slavery, women’s suffrage.

Wyeth, Andrew. 1917-2009. US realist painter. Christina’s World 1948.

Xenophon. 431-350BC. Greek general/historian. Expedition of Ten Thousand. Anabasis. Hellenica.

Xian Incident. 1936. Chiang Kai-shek captured and forced to unite with Communists to fight Japanese.

Yamashita Tomoyuki. 1885-1946. Japanese commander in Philippines. Conquered Singapore, Bataan March. Executed.

Yazoo Land Fraud. 1795. Georgia sells Mississippi to 4 companies for $500K. Legislators all shareholders. Rescinded as unconstitutional 1796.

Yeoman. English class between labourers and gentry.

Yersin, Alexander. 1863-1943. Swiss/French. Developed serum for bubonic plague.

Yggdrasill. Ash tree of existence, life and knowledge in Scandinavian legend.

Yoga. Hindu and Buddhist system of meditation, breathing and exercise to achieve spiritual enlightenment.

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