Russian Campaign. 1812. Napoleon’s march on Moscow. 10,000 of 100,000 return. Grande Armée.

Russian Revolution. 1905. Led to Duma, Constitution and end of Mir system. Police gradually regained authority. October Manifesto. Bloody Sunday. 1917 Feb: Liberal republicans overthrow Czar. Oct: Lenin’s Bolsheviks overthrow Kerensky’s Provisional Government, withdraw from WWI.

Russian Social Democratic Party. 1898. Split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, 1903.

Russification. Attempted conversion of local language and culture by settlement of large numbers of Russians. 19C Poland, Finland. 20C Kazakstan. Baltic.

Russo-Swedish War. 1614-17. Russia loses access to Baltic. 1741-3. Sweden cedes part of Finland. 1788-90. 1808-9. Sweden cedes Finland + Åland Islands.

Ruthven, Raid of. 1582. James VI of Scotland kidnapped by William Ruthven (1541-84).

Rwanda. -1962 Ruanda-Urundi. 1962 Independent republic.

Rye House Plot. 1683. Failed plot to kill Charles II and Duke of York.

Saar. Former Palatinate. 1919 League of Nations mandate. 1935 Germany. 1945 French occupy. 1948 Autonomous. 1957 West Germany.

Sacco-Vanzetti Case. 1921-7. Italian/US anarchists convicted and executed despite prejudiced trial.

Sadducees. -70. Jewish priest class vs Pharisees. Followed Torah and not oral law.

Sakharov, Andrei. 1921-89. Soviet physicist, human rights activist. Hydrogen bomb. Formed Committee for Human Rights 1970.

Salome. -72. Herod Antipas’ step-daughter, demanded and received John the Baptist’s head.

Samhitas. Collections of Vedic hymns and liturgy.

Samos. Greek island birthplace of Pythagoras.

Samson. Old Testament Israelite judge, prophet. Lost sight and strength when Delilah cut off his hair.

Samudra Gupta. -c380. Hindu Indian Emperor. c330-. Expanded empire. Poet, musician, soldier.

San Ildefonso, Treaty. 1796. France, Spain allied vs England. 1801 Secret exchange: Louisiana to France, Etruria to Spain.

San Juan Boundary Dispute. 1846-72. Britain/US. San Juan islands to US.

San Marino. 301 St Marinus the Dalmation settles. 1463 expanded. 1600 Constitution. Oldest, smallest independent republic.

Sanctuary, Right of. Established 4C Rome. England until 1623 (criminal), 18C (civil). Europe until 1789. Asylum in church for 1 month.

Sand, George (Aurore Dupin). 1804-76. French writer. Lélia 1833. Mauprat 1837.

Sand Creek Massacre. 1864. Settlers ignore truce flag, kill Cheyenne Indians. = Chivington Massacre.

Sandburg, Carl. 1878-1967. US poet of the people. Chicago 1914.

Sandinistas. 1962-. Nicaraguan Communist guerilla group vs Somoza. Governed 1980-89, despite US Funded Contra rebellion.

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