Rollo. 860-932. Norse pirate. Colonized Normandy 911. 885 Rolled boats around Paris when seige failed.

Roman Empire. 27BC Augustus. 395 Split into Empire of the West and Eastern Roman Empire =Byzantine Empire. Rome.

Romanesque Architecture. 4-15C. Barrel vault. Plain. Massive piers. Masonry vaulting. Blend of Byzantine and Roman influences. Gothic.

Romanesque Art. 11-12C Powerful imagery, grand conception. Fused Byzantine, Teutonic, Roman.

Romansh. Romance language spoken in Grison Canton of Switzerland. “National” language 1938-.

Romantic. Literary movement. Nature, spirit and emotion. Subjective. Gothic novel. Hugo, Rousseau, Schiller. Wordsworth. Goethe. Scott.

Rome. 753BC Legendary founding by Romulus and Remus. 616BC Etruscan. 509BC Roman Republic. 27BC Roman Empire. 248 Empire of the West. 395 Byzantine Empire. 410 Visigoths sack Rome. 476 Romulus Augustulus deposed. 493 Ostrogoth. 535 Byzantine. 774 Charlemagne’s Empire of the West. 962 Holy Roman Empire. 11C Norman. 12C Hohenstaufen. 1848 Republic. 1849 Papal States. 1870 Italy. 1929 -Vatican.

Roncesvalles, Battle. 778. Charlemagne ambushed in Pyrenees. Basis for Song of Roland.

Rostand, Edmond. 1868-1918. French Romantic dramatist: Cyrano de Bergerac 1897.

Rothko, Mark. 1903-70. Russian/US Abstract Expressionist painter. Large canvases of solid color. Light Earth and Blue 1954.

Round Table. King Arthur and his knights.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Roxana. -c311BC. Wife of Alexander the Great. Executed after his death.

Royaume, Mother. Saved Geneva 1602 by pouring hot stew (and pot) on heads of Savoy soldiers.

Ruanda Urundi. Batwa. Bahuta. 14C Watusi. 1897 German East Africa. 1916 Belgium. 1923 League of Nations mandate 1962 Independent. Rwanda, Burundi.

Rubens, Peter Paul. 1577-1640. Flemish Baroque painter. Sensuous works. Descent from Cross 1611. Médicis cycle 1621-5. Peace and War c1630.

Rublyov, Andrei. c1360-1430. Russian icon painter.

Ruche, La. the Beehive. Montparnasse Avant-garde artist residence and studio, 1900-30. Chagall. Léger.

Rudolf. (Raoul). French king 923-36. Fought Normans and Hungarians.

Ruisdael, Jacob van. 1628-82. Dutch landscape painter. Jewish Cemetery c1660. Wheatfields c1670.

Rundstedt, Gerd von. 1875-1953. Leading German WWII commander.

Runeberg, Johan. 1804-77. Finnish epic poet. National anthem adapted from his poem Vårtland.

Rupert, Prince. 1619-82. Royalist commander in English Civil War. First President of Hudson’s Bay Co.

Ruskin, John. 1819-1900. English writer and Pre-Raphaelite art critic. Social reformer.

Russell, Bertrand. 1872-1970. English mathematician, liberal philosopher, logician, pacifist. Believed in human reason. Founded CND. Principles of Mathematics 1910-13. History of Western Philosophy 1945.

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