Adams, William. 1564-1620. English navigator established Japan trade c1613.

Avignon Papacy. 1309-77. Popes from Clement V based in Avignon, France. Great Schism.

Avignon School. 14-15C. Style of painting influenced by Sienese and Flemish painters during papal residence.

Babylonian Captivity. 1309-77. Avignon Papacy.

Barents, Willem. 1555-97. Dutch navigator, explorer for NE passage.

Bateau-Lavoir. 1900. Paris birthplace of cubism (Picasso, Braque) and modern poetry (Jacob, Apollinaire, Orlan). Desmoiselles d’Avignon.

Bougainville, Louis. 1729-1811. First French circumnavigation 1766-9. Voyage autour du monde 1771.

Bowditch, Nathaniel. 1773-1838. US self-educated astronomer, mathematician. New American Practical Navigator 1802.

Brendan, St. 484-578. Celtic abbot, legendary Atlantic navigator to North America.

Cabral, Pedro. 1467-1520. Portuguese navigator. Discovered Brazil 1500.

Cano, Juan del. c1460-1526. Spanish. First Circumnavigation 1521. Magellan.

Clement V. Pope 1305-14. Moved papacy to Avignon. Dissolved Knights Templar 1312. Prohibited usury.

Clement VII. Antipope 1378-94. Avignon. Election caused Great Schism.

Columbus, Christopher. 1446-1506. Genoese navigator for Spain. Discovered America, 1492. Pinzon.

Cubism. 1907. Braque and Picasso reduce painting to minimum geometric forms. Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907. Term coined by Braque 1909.

Frobisher, Martin. 1535-94. British navigator in search of North-West passage 1576.

Golden Hind. Drake’s flagship; only one to finish circumnavigation.

Great Schism. 1054. East-West Schism. 1378-1417. Period of rival Popes in Rome, Avignon, following Avignon Papacy.

Gregory XI. 1329-78. Pope 1370-. Moved Papacy back to Rome from Avignon.

Henry the Navigator. 1394-1460. Portuguese prince. Sponsored African exploration. School of Navigation 1423.

Holberg, Ludvig. 1684-1754. Norwegian/Danish poet, historian. ’Foundation of Danish Literature’. Peder Paars 1719.

Hudson, Henry. -1611. English navigator to Hudson’s Bay.

John XXII. 1244-1334. Pope 1316-. Avignon. Condemned Franciscans. Imprisoned antipope Nicholas V.

Leovigild. Last Visigoth King of Spain 572-86.

Magellan, Ferdinand. c1480-1521 Portuguese navigator. Died leading first circumnavigation of the world. Discovered Straits of Magellan 1520.

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