Olmecs. c1150-800BC. Mexican Gulf coast civilization.

Olympics, Modern. 1896 Athens. 1900 Paris. 1904 St. Louis. 1908 London. 1912 Stockholm. 1920 Antwerp. Summer: 1924 Paris. 1928 Amsterdam. 1932 Los Angeles. 1936 Berlin. 1948 London. 1952 Helsinki. 1956 Melbourne. 1960 Rome. 1964 Tokyo. 1968 Mexico City. 1972 Munich. 1976 Montreal. 1980 Moscow. 1984 Los Angeles. 1988 Seoul. 1992 Barcelona. 1996 Atlanta. 2000 Sydney. 2004 Athens. 2008 Beijing. Winter: 1924 Chamonix. 1928 St Moritz. 1932 Lake Placid. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. 1948 St Moritz. 1952 Oslo. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo. 1960 Squaw Valley. 1964 Innsbruck. 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo. 1976 Innsbruck. 1980 Lake Placid. 1984 Sarajevo. 1988 Calgary. 1992 Albertville. 1994 Lillehammer. 1998 Nagano. 2002 Salt Lake City. 2006 Torino. Olympia.

Omar Khayyam. c1027-1123. Persian mathematician/ poet: Rubaiyat. Specific gravity of gold 1061.

Op art. 20C style incorporating optical illusion of movement. Vasarely. Riley.

Oradour-sur-Glane. 1944. Germans kill residents, burn town. 10 survivors of 652.

Oranges, War of. 1801. France and Spain defeat and divide Portugal.

Orlando, Vittorio. 1860-1952. Italian Prime Minister 1917-19. Versailles negotiator.

Ormonde, Duke of. 1610-88. Irish Stuart supporter during Civil War.

Osiris. Vegetation god who introduced civilization to Egypt. God of underworld.

OSS. Office of Strategic Services. 1942-45. Precursor to CIA.

Ovid. 43BC-17 AD. Roman poet: Art of Love. Tristia. Metamorphoses.

Oxford, Provisions of. 1258-66. Reforms barons forced on Henry III. Annulled, modified. Led to Provisions of Westminster, Barons War.

Paasikivi, Juho. 1870-1956. Finnish Prime Minister 1918~46. President 46-56. Appeasement policy to USSR.

Pacific, War of. 1879-84. Chile wins land from Peru, Bolivia’s coastline.

Pacifism. Ethical, philosophical, or moral opposition to war or violence.

Paeonius. c450-400BC. Greek sculptor. Winged Victory c420BC.

Paganini, Niccolo. 1782-1840. Italian violinist, composer. Revolutionized harmonics use. Capricci 1801-7.

Pahlavi. 3-10C. Iranian branch of Indo-European languages.

Pahlavi, Muhammed. 1919-80. Shah of Iran 1941-79. Deposed by Khomeini.

Pahlavi, Reza Shah. 1877-1944. Army officer. Led coup over Kajar dynasty 1925. Shah of Iran 1925-41.

Pakistan. 25C BC Indus civilization. 15C BC Aryan. 6C Achaemenid. 326 Alexander. 4C BC Maurya Empire. c50 AD Kushan. 4C Gupta. 5C Hun. 8C Moslem. 11C Turks. 1206 Delhi Sultanate. 1526 Mogul. 1780 Sikh. 1840 British India. 1947 Independent. 1956 Islamic Republic. 1971 -Bangladesh.

Palladio, Andrea. 1508-80. Italian architect. Reintroduced Roman symmetry and proportion to Venetian villas. Suspension Bridge 1550. Architecture 1570.

Palmerston, Lord. 1784-1865. English Whig Prime Minister 1855~65. Secretary of War 1809-28. Foreign Secretary 1830~51. Crimean War. American Civil War.

Palo Alto, Battle. 1846 US victory. First major battle of Mexican War.

Pan-Slavism. 19C Slavic unity movement. Caused Russo-Turkish War 1877.

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