Lutheranism. Conservative Protestant sect of Germany and Scandinavia. Salvation through faith alone.

Luynes, Duke of. 1578-1621. French. Adviser to Louis XIII.

Lvov, Prince Georgi. 1861-1925. Russian leader of Provisional Government, 1917.

Lycurgus. c390-324BC.Led short revival of Athens after Peloponnesian War.

Lysippus. 4C BC. Greek sculptor. Revised ideal human form-slender with smaller head.

Macedonia. Greek tribes. 700BC united. 490 Persia. 479 Independent. 359 Philip. 336 Empire. Alexander. 168BC Rome...395 Byzantine Empire 6C Slav. 9C Bulgar. 11C Byzantine. 14C Ottoman. 1878 Independent. 1879 Ottoman. 1913 Greece/ Bulgaria/ Serbia. 1929 Yugoslavia. 1991 Independent.

Macedonian Wars. 214~148BC. 4 Wars vs Rome reduced Macedonia to Roman province.

Mach, Ernest. 1838-1916. Founded Scientific Positivism 1905. Relates physics and psychology. Vienna Circle.

Machiavelli, Niccolo. 1469-1527. Florentine amoral cynic, statesman, historian and writer. The Prince 1513. -“End justifies the means”. -“Appear virtuous, act to maintain power”.

Mad Parliament. 1258. Barons give financial aid to Henry III in exchange for reform. Oxford Provisions.

Magellan, Ferdinand. c1480-1521 Portuguese navigator. Died leading first circumnavigation of the world. Discovered Straits of Magellan 1520.

Maginot. André. 1877-1932. French statesman. Built line of fortifications in the east of France 1928-38, leaving French overconfident vs German threat.

Magnus VI. 1238-80. Norwegian king 1263-. Law system.

Mahavira, Vardhamana. 599-527BC. Indian founder of Jainism: -“All life is sacred”.

Malawi. c13C Chewa. 19C Yao, Ngoni. 1859 Explored by Livingstone. 1893 British protectorate. 1907 =Nyasaland. 1953 +Northern Rhodesia. 1964 Independent =Malawi. Zambia. Banda.

Maldives. Dravidians, Sinhalese settle. 12C Islam. 1153 Sultanate. 1507 Portugal garrison. 17C Dutch protectorate. 1796 British protectorate. 1965 Independent. 1968 Republic.

Malenkov, Georgi. 1902-88. Stalinist Soviet premier 1953-5. Denounced 1957.

Mali. Ancient Ghana. c1200 Mali Empire includes Senegal, Niger. 1460 Songhai Empire. c1600 Divided. c1880 =French Sudan. 1959 +Senegal +Sudanese Republic =Mali Federation. 1960 Independent -Senegal =Mali Republic.

Malvinas Is. Argentine name for Falkland Is.

Mandeville, John. 14C. English author. Travels of John Mandeville, Knight 1356.

Manichaeism. 240-6C. Dualist ascetic Persian religion founded by Mani (-274) combining Gnosticism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity. Man’s spirit is good, body is evil. Albigens, Cathars, Paulician.

Mannerheim, Carl. 1867-1951. Finnish president. 1944-6. Led fight vs Bolsheviks 1918-21, army 1939-44.

March on Washington. 1963. 200,000 in civil rights march led by King-“I have a dream”.

Margaret. Maid of Norway. 1283-90. Queen of Scotland 1286-. Betrothed to son of Edward I. Death led to England claiming Scotland, Civil War 1290-1314. Robert the Bruce.

Margaret of Anjou. 1430-82. Q consort to Henry VI. Led Lancastrians in War of Roses.

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