John VI. 1769-1826. King of Portugal 1816-. Brazil independence.

John VIII. -882. Pope 872-. Paid Saracens for protection. Slavs allowed liturgy in Slavic.

John XXII. 1244-1334. Pope 1316-. Avignon. Condemned Franciscans. Imprisoned antipope Nicholas V.

John Paul II. 1920-. Poland. Authoritarian conservative pope 1978-. Wounded 1981 by Islamic fanatic. Most trips. More canonization than previous popes combined.

Johnson, Andrew. 1808-75. US President 1865-9. Reconstruction. Civil Rights Act 1866. Barely acquitted in impeachment trial.

Johnson, Lyndon. 1908-73. US president 1963-9. Great Society program. Education Act. Medicare. Vietnam War.

Joinville, Jean de. 1224-1317. French chronicler, advised St Louis. Histoire 1309.

Jolson, Al. 1886-1950. US Vaudeville and Broadway performer. First talking film: The Jazz Singer 1927.

Joseph I. 1678-1711. Holy Roman Emperor 1705-. Supported Charles VI vs France in War of Spanish Succession.

Josephus, Flavius. 37-100. Jewish soldier/historian. History of the Jewish Wars 75-9.

Joukov, Gheorgi. 1896-1974. Soviet marshal, won battles of Moscow 1941, Stalingrad 1943.

Jourdan, Jean. 1762-1833. French Revolutionary marshal. Introduced conscription 1798. Victor at Fleurus.

Judah ha-Levi. c1075-1141. Jewish poet, philosopher in Spain. Ode to Zion.

Judo. 19C-.Oriental self defence not in conflict with non-violent religion. Modification of jujitsu.

Justinian. 483-565. Eastern Roman Emperor, conquered Africa and Italy. Codified Roman law 529. Closed all non-Christian schools, beginning Dark Ages. Nika Riot. Corpus Juris Civilis. Hagia Sophia. Digest 553. Ulpian.

Kalinin, Mikhail. 1875-1946. Soviet Head of State, 1919-46.

Kamenev, Lev. 1883-1936. Russian Bolshevik leader in Triumvirate with Stalin, Zinoviev, 1922-. Executed in Purge.

Kamerlingh Onnes, Heicke. 1853-1926. Liquified helium 1908. Superconductivity 1911.

Kamikaze. 1281 “Divine Wind”. Typhoon that destroyed Mongol invasion of Japan. 1944- suicide pilots. Okinawa.

Katyn Affair. 1940 massacre of Polish officers by Russian troops discovered 1943. Denied, blamed on Nazis. Ignored by Allies. Soviets admit responsibility, 1992.

Kellerman, François. 1735-1820. French general. Defeated Prussia at Valmy, 1792, saving Revolutionary France.

Kelvin, Lord. 1824-1907. British engineer/ mathematician. Absolute temperature scale. Thermodynamic theory.

Kent State Massacre. 1970. Ohio National Guardsmen kill 4 student anti-Vietnam War demonstrators.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. 1798. Virginia-Kentucky.

Kerensky, Aleksandr. 1881-1970. Russian Revolutionary leader. Prime Minister 1917. Liberal Socialist Provisional government.

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