Crapper, Thomas. 1836-1910. British plumber. Installed Queen Victoria’s toilets. Manufacturer, but not inventor of syphonic flush toilets.

Crassus, Marcus. c115-53BC. First Roman triumvirate member. Suppressed Spartacus’ slave revolt.

Crédit Mobilier of America. 1865-72. Scandal involving illegal profits, graft in Union Pacific Railroad construction.

Crete. c6100BC Knossos civilization. 3500BC Minoan. 1100BC Greek 67BC Rome. 826 Saracen. 960 Byzantine. 1205 Venice. 1669 Ottoman. 1912 Greece. 1941-45 Germany occupies.

Croatia. Balkans. 812 Croatia. 1089 +Hungary. 1527 Ottoman/Hapsburg. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1920 +Dalmatia. 1941 Independent. 1945 Yugoslavia. 1992 Independent Republic.

Cromwell, Oliver. 1599-1658. Led revolution in England, 1649. Lord Protector of the Realm, 1653-. Commonwealth Head of Government, 1649-. Signed Charles I death warrant.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cuban Missile Crisis. 1962. Kennedy blockades Cuba to prevent Soviet missile installation.

Cuban Revolution. 1956-9. Castro overthrows Batista.

Cubism. 1907. Braque and Picasso reduce painting to minimum geometric forms. Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907. Term coined by Braque 1909.

Curia. Roman political division.

Cuvier, Georges. 1769-1832. French creator of comparative anatomy and paleontology.

CWA. Civil Works Admin. US New Deal project employed 4M.

Cycladic Civilization. Paralleled Minoan and Mycenaean.

Cyprus. Stone, Bronze Age civilizations. 1450BC Egypt. 1200BC Greek. 1000 Phoenicia. 709 Assyria. 569 Egypt. 6C Persia. 333 Macedonia. 294 Egypt. 47BC Rome...330 AD Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 1191 Crusaders. 1489 Venice. 1571 Turk. 1878 British lease...1914 Britain annexes. 1927 Crown Colony. 1960 Republic. 1963-4 Civil War, Greece and Turkey intervene. 1974 Turkey invades, partition.

Cyrus. -529BC. Founded Persian Empire 550-. Defeated Babylonia 539BC. Freed Jews.

Czech Republic. Bohemia + Moravia. 1918 Czechoslovakia. 1993 Independent.

Dagobert I-III. Merovingian French kings in 7-8C.

Daily Telegraph Affair. 1908. Unauthorized interview of Kaiser causes protests in Germany.

Dali, Salvador. 1904-89. Spanish Surrealist painter of nightmare visions. Persistence of Memory. Crucifixion.

Dalmatia. Balkans. 1420 Venice. 1797 Austria. 1920 Yugoslavia. 1941 Italy occupies. 1947 Yugoslavia. 1992 Croatia.

Danelaw. 878-955. NE England under Viking occupation and the laws in effect.

D’Annunzio, Gabriele. 1863-1938. Italian nationalist writer. Siezed Fiume 1919. Revived Roman salute.

Dante Alighieri. 1265-1321. Italian moralist poet. First vernacular. Banquet 1306. Divine Comedy 1321, printed 1472.

Dark Ages. c500-1000. Period of decline, frequent war. Little documentation survives.

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