Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. 1798,9. States protest Alien +Sedition Acts limiting freedoms. Nullification.

Virginia Company. London. 1606-24. To colonize North America. Founded Jamestown 1607.

Virginia Declaration of Rights. 1776. Model for US Bill of Rights.

Virginius Affair. 1873. Spain siezes US flagged Cuban ship, Virginius. Executes 53 for smuggling arms to Cuba during Ten Years War. Indemnity paid to US, Great Britain.

Viriathus. -c139BC. Lusitanian herdsman. Led successful revolt vs Rome c147-139BC.

Visconti. 1311-1450. Milanese noble family.

Viscount. 4th rank of British peerage, below earl.

Vishnu. Hindu god. Preserver of world and moral order.

Visigoths. 376-711. Western Goths. Alaric sacked Rome 410. Defeated at Vouillé by Clovis 510. Settled Spain, southern France 415-711. Destroyed by Moors 711.

Vitalism. Bergson’s theory of evolution. Life force differentiates living things from others. Aristotle.

Vitoria. 1813. Wellington victory, liberated Spain from France. Peninsular War.

Vitruvius. 1C BC. Roman architect, writer. De architectura 27BC.

Vitry, Philippe de. 1291-1361. French composer, codified rules of composition. Ars Nova 1320.

Vivaldi, Antonio. 1678-1741. Venetian violinist, Baroque composer. Standard concerto pattern; more than 500 concertos. Four Seasons 1725.

Vivian. Wanton. Captured Merlin in Arthurian legend.

Vizier. 14-20C. Ottoman top minister of state.

Vo Nguyen Giap. 1912-. Viet Minh commander 1946-54, 1966-75. Minister of Defence 1954-. Tet Offensive. Defeated Japanese 1942-5, French 1946-54, US 66-76.

Voroshilov, Kliment. 1881-1969. Soviet Head of State 1953-60.

Wade-Davis Bill. 1864. Strict terms for US Reconstruction vetoed by Lincoln.

Wakefield, Battle. 1460. War of Roses. 1643 English Civil War.

Walachia. 1290 Vlachs settle. 1417 Ottoman suzerainty. 1774 Russia. 1859 +Moldavia =Romania.

Wales. Celts. 55BC Rome. 7C +England. 8C Divided. 9C Re-united. 11C Norman. 1284 English suzerainty. 1536 Union with England.

Wallenberg, Raoul. 1912-47?. Swedish diplomat. Saved thousands of Jews in WWII Budapest. Jailed by Soviets. Holocaust.

Walton, William. 1902-83. British composer influenced by Jazz, Elgar, Stravinsky.

Warsaw Pact. 1955-91. USSR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, E Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania. Treaty for the combined defence of Eastern Europe under Soviet supreme command.

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