Smolensk. Victories of Napoleon 1812, Germans 1941.

Sobieski. Polish king. Saved Vienna 1683.

Social Darwinism. 19C theory that social man is subject to the “survival of the fittest”.

Socialist Revolutionary Party. 1901-22. Russia. Sought classless society. Suppressed by Bolsheviks.

Socinianism. 1550-19C Unitarian-like religious sect. Christ divine by function, not nature. 1658 Poland.

Solferino, Battle. 1859. Victor-Emmanuel gains Lombardy during Risorgimento. Carnage leads to Red Cross.

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. 1918-2008. Russian novelist. Expelled 1974. Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 1962. Gulag Archipelago 1973.

Somme, Battle of the. WWI. 1916. Allied victory with 1M casualties, minor gain. First use of tank. 1918. German victory.

Sonderbund. 1845-7. League of Catholic Swiss cantons defeated in civil war.

Sorel, George. 1847-1922. French advocate of revolutionary syndicalism. Reflection on Violence 1908 justified violence and general strikes. Influenced Mussolini.

Soto, Jesus. 20C Venezuelan Op/Kinetic artist. Vibration 1965.

Southampton. 4th earl. 1606-67. Royalist adviser, treasurer 1660-7.

Soviet. Basic governing body of USSR. Legislative +executive functions from local to national.

Soviet Union. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Soweto. 1976 Violent riots in Black South Africa township over compulsory Afrikaans in schools. 236-600 dead.

Spain. c3000BC Iberians. c11C BC Phoenicians. c10C Celts. 6C Basques. c5C Carthage. 3C BC Rome. 5C Vandals, Visigoths. 711 Moslems. 801 Charlemagne. 10C independent kingdoms of Castile, León, Aragon, Navarre. 1031-1492 Reconquista. 1143 Portugal independent. 1479 Aragon, Castile unite. 1492 Moors final defeat. 1512 + Navarre =Spain. 1808 Napoleon. 1898 -Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Spanish American War. 1931 Republic. 1936 Civil War. 1939 Franco. 1975 Parliamentary Monarchy. ETA. New Spain.

Spanish Civil War. 1936-9. Germany and Italy aid Fascist Franco’s revolt against the Republic, which surrenders after 1M die. International Brigades. A cause of WWII. Guernica.

Spanish Riding School. 16C. Vienna. Lippizaner stallions.

Spanish Sahara. 1884 Protectorate. 1958 Spanish province. 1976 Mauritania/Morocco. Western Sahara.

Sparta. 9C BC-396. A dominant Greek city-state 6-4C BC. Peloponnesian War defeated rival Athens. 396 Visigoths destroy.

Spartacus. -71BC. Leader of slaves revolt against Rome 73BC. Defeated and killed by Crassus. Servile War.

Speke, John. 1827-64. British explorer. Discovered Lake Victoria.

Spencer, Herbert. 1820-1903. English evolutionist philosopher. “Survival of the fittest.” Associationism. Anti-socialism, “Best government is the least government.” The Synthetic Philosophy 1860-96. Liberal Utilitarianism.

Speranski, Mikhail. 1772-1839. Russian adviser of Czar Alexander I. Reform advocate, law code compiler.

St Albans. 1455. First battle of War of Roses. Henry VI captured by Yorks.

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