Abbeville Treaty. 1258. England returns Normandy to France.

Abd al-Mumin. 1094-1163. Founded Almohad Empire in north Africa and Spain. Massacred Almoravids.

Actium, Battle. 31BC. Octavian defeats Antony to become sole ruler of Roman Empire.

Adams, William. 1564-1620. English navigator established Japan trade c1613.

Ader, Clement. 1841-1926. French aviation engineer. 1890 first plane.

Aditi. Hindu goddess, mother of Krsna and Vishnu.

Admiral Graf Spee. -1939. German battleship def by British, scuttled at Montevideo.

Admiralty Arch. 1910 London memorial to Q Victoria.

Adoptionism. 8C Christian heresy. Christ was born human, became divine after baptism.

Adrian VI. 1459-1523. Only Dutch pope 1522-. Taught Erasmus.

Adrianople, Battle. 378. Visigoths defeat Rome, kill Valens.

Aegospotami. 405BC. Naval battle, ends Peloponnesian War. Victory of Lysander vs Athens.

Aeneas. Trojan hero of Virgil’s Aeneid.

Aetius, Flavius. -454. Roman general, defeated Attila at Catalonia, 451.

African Colonization. 1840-1920. 15C Portuguese exploration. 1884-1920 Africa divided by European powers. 1950- anti-colonial mvmts.

Agincourt, Battle. 1415. English victory over French during 100 Years War. High French losses.

Agrippa, Marcus V. 63-12BC. Roman general, supported Octavian.

Ahimsa. Hindu/Buddhist doctrine: non-injury to all living things. Jainism.

Ahriman. Zoroastrian spirit of evil.

Alabama Claims. 1872. US claim damages caused by British built warships in Civil War. $15M=£3.25M awarded by arbitration.

Alamein, El, Battles of. 1942. Montgomery defeats Rommel, saving Egypt from Germans.

Alaric I. c370-410. Visigoth chief who sacked Rome, 410.

Alaric II. -507. King of Visigoths 484-, beaten by Clovis, 507. Law code 506 for Roman subjects.

Alaska. 1741 Bering explores. 1799 Russian America. 1867 US buys for $7.2M. 1959 State.

Albania. Balkans. 3-5C Visigoth, Huns invade. 6-7C Bulgars, Serbs, Slavs invade.12-15C Bulgar, Norman, Angevin, Serb, Venice contest.15C Ottoman. 1912 Independent republic. 1928 Monarchy (Zog). 1939 Italy occupies. 1945 Communist (Hoxha). 1961 Left Warsaw Pact. 1991 Democratic Constitution.

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