Legion of Honour. French national order instituted by Napoleon, 1802. Five ranks: Grands Croix, Grands Officiers, Commandeurs, Officiers, Chevaliers.

Lenoir, Alexandre. 1761-1839. Archeologist. Founder of the Museum of French Monuments.

Leopold and Loeb. 1924. Wealthy, intellectual partners ‘perfect’ murder of Bobby Franks leads to life imprisonment. Darrow plea avoids execution.

Liberty, Statue of. 1886. Bartholdi sculpture. Gift from France.

Liechtenstein. 5C Alemanni. Franks. 1342 Independent. 1396 HRE. 1719 Principality «HRE. 1806 Rhine Confederation.1815 German Confederation. 1852 Customs Union with Austria 1923 Customs Union with Switzerland.

Lilburne, John. 1614-57. English leader of Levellers during Civil War.

Limon von Sanders, Otto. 1855-1929. German general. Led Turks at Galipoli.

Lin Piao. 1907-71. Chinese Communist. general, political leader. Died after coup attempt.

Lithuania. 1238 Mindaugas unites. 1385 +Poland. 1569 Lublin Union under Poland. 1795 Prussia/ Russia. 1918 Independent. 1926 Smetona putsch. 1940 USSR. 1991 Independent.

Liturgical Movement. 19-20C Christian church modernization of liturgy.

Livonian Knights. 1202-1561. German religious order to Christianize Baltic. Livonia.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

Loewe, Frederick. 1904-88. US composer; partner of Lerner.

Logos. Greek force of cosmic order and reason. Link between God and man. Philo.

Loisy, Alfred. 1857-1940. French Modernist religious scholar.

London Protocol. 1830. Established independent Greece as Kingdom. 1832 Set Greek borders.

Londonderry Siege. 1689. 105 days vs James II forces.

Long March. 1934-5. 100,000 Chinese Communists march from Kiangsi, 6,000 miles to Shensi. Mao became leader. 50,000 die.

Loyola, St. Ignatius. 1491-1556. Spanish soldier, founder of ascetic Jesuit Order, army of God working directly for the Pope. Spiritual Exercises 1548.

Lumumba, Patrice. 1925-61. Congo independence leader. First Prime Minister of Zaire 1960-. Deposed, murdered.

Luxembourg. 1C BC Rome. 459 Franks. 963 Independent county «Holy Roman Empire. 1354 Duchy. 1443 Burgundy. 1472~1795 Hapsburg. 1555 Spanish. 1684 French. 1697 Spanish. 1714 Austrian. 1795 French. 1815 Dutch «German Confederation. 1839 Belgian(W)/Autonomous. 1867 Independent neutral. 1914-18, 1940-44 German occupation. 1948 Neutrality ends.

Lvov, Prince Georgi. 1861-1925. Russian leader of Provisional Government, 1917.

Lysander. -395BC. Spartan admiral. Captured Athens 404BC. Ended Peloponnesian War.

Lysimachus. 385-281BC. Alexander’s General. Macedonia satrap 323-.

Lysippus. 4C BC. Greek sculptor. Revised ideal human form-slender with smaller head.

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