Stair, First earl. 1648-1707. Scottish under-secretary of state to William III. Approved Glencoe Massacre.

Stalin, Joseph. 1879-1953. Soviet bloodthirsty revolutionary. Leader 1924-. 5 Year Plans modernized Russia. 1928 Collectivization. 1932- Dictator. 1936-8 Purge. Turned Marxism to Nationalism and Imperialism. World Socialist Revolution under USSR. 1952 abolished Politburo.

Stalin Line. Soviet defensive fortifications along Polish border.

Stambolov, Stefan. 1854-95. Bulgarian regent 1886-7. Prime Minister 1887-94. Dismissed by Ferdinand, murdered.

Stanford, Leland. 1824-93. US railroad builder. Stanford University 1885.

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. 1815-1902. US suffrage leader. First woman’s rights convention 1848. Mott.

States’ Rights. US political doctrine. Restricts federal power.

Stevenson, Adlai. 1900-65. US diplomat, United Nations founder.

Still, Andrew. 1828-1917. US osteopathy founder.

Stolypin, Pyotr. 1862-1911. Russian Prime Minister 1906-. Used secret police to control revolutionaries. Moderate reforms.

Storm, Theodor. 1817-88. German Realist writer. Rider of the White Horse 1838. Pole Poppenspäler 1874.

Strasser, Gregor. 1892-1934. German Nazi leader, Hitler rival. Assassinated.

Strauss, Johann. 1825-99. Austrian composer of 150 waltzes. Blue Danube 1867. Operettas. Die Fledermaus 1874. “Waltz King”.

Streicher, Julius. 1885-1946. German Nazi leader. Executed.

Stuart, Arabella. 1575-1615. Pretender to English throne. Died in Tower.

Stuart, James. 1688-1766. “The Old Pretender”. Catholic Prince of Wales, claimant to British throne. Jacobites.

Suárez, Francisco. 1548-1617. Spanish Scholastic philosopher, Jesuit theologian. Wrote against divine right of kings.

Suffolk, First duke. c1484-1545. Brother-in-law, aide of Henry VIII. Incompetent military leader.

Sukarno. 1901-70. Indonesian nationalist leader, president 1949-67. Sought communist ties. Authoritative ‘guided democracy’.

Sulla, Lucius. 138-78BC. Roman consul 88-79. Dictator 82-79. Civil war with Marius. Murdered thousands of opponents. Conquered Athens. Constitutional reforms.

Sultan. Islamic spiritual and political leader.

Sumter, Fort. 1861. Confederate attack. First aggression of American Civil War.

Sunderland, Earl of. 1674-1722. British Whig minister. South Sea National Debt scheme.

Supremacy, Act of. 1534 Henry VIII establishes Church of England under monarch. 1554 Repealed by Mary I. 1559 Elizabeth I re-established Church of England. Oath required of all MPs.

Susanna. Biblical woman wrongfully accused by elders of adultery.

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