Emmet, Robert. 1778-1803. Leader of failed Irish nationalist uprising. Executed.

Empire. First. France under Napoleon I 1804-14. 2nd. Napoleon III, 1852-70.

Encyclopédists. 1751-72. Group who wrote encyclopaedia under Diderot. Voltaire, Helvetius, D’Alembert. As sceptics, they popularized social ideas which led to the French Revolution.

Enver Pasha. 1881-1922. Young Turk leader. Revolt, 1908. WWI. Ruled with Triumvirate. 1913-18. Talât Pasha.

Ephesus. Major Greek, Roman city now in Turkey. 133 Bequeathed to Rome by Attale. 263 Goths sacked Temple of Artemis, 7 wonder.

Epicurus. c341-270BC. Greek Philospher. Founded Epicureanism. Maximum pleasure attained through moderation.

Epirus. 3-2C BC. Powerful Greek country under King Pyrrhus.

Erasmus, Desiderius. c1466-1536. Dutch Humanist ecclesiastic reform writer. Published first New Testament based on Greek, 1516. Reason over ignorance and superstition. Opposed Luther. Praise of Folly. Enchiridion: Christ requires of us nothing but a pure and sincere life.

Erebus. Area of Greek underworld. Personified as son of Chaos.

Erechtheum. 5C BC. Ionic temple on Athenian acropolis.

Etruscans. Asian people in Tuscany 8C BC. Taken by Rome, 4-3C BC. Skilful metal workers. Strong navy, merchant traders. Tarquins.

Executive Branch. Department of US government which carries out laws, under supervision of President.

Fairfax, Thomas. 1612-71. English Parliamentarian Civil War general. Commander-in-Chief of New Model Army. Victor at Marston Moor.

Falange. 1933-37. Spanish Fascist party founded by Primo de Rivera. Merged with Franco 1937. Won civil war.

Fallen Timbers, Battle. 1794. US defeat NW Confederation Indians, ending resistance.

Falloux, Frédéric. 1811-56. French politician. Sponsored Law on Education: Loi Falloux.

Fatima. c606-33. Daughter of Mohammad. Matriarch of Fatimids. Wife of Ali, Shi’ite leader.

Fawkes, Guy. 1570-1606. Gunpowder Plot perpetrator.

FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 1908-. US indep. federal police force. Hoover.

Federalism. Autonomous states united under central government.

Federalist Party. 1787-1825. US first party founded by A. Hamilton for strong central government. In power 1791-1801.

Félibrige. 1854. Mistral’s Provençale revival movement.

Fellini, Federico. 1920-95. Italian symbolist filmmaker. La Dolce Vita 1960.

Fermat, Pierre de. 1601-65. French mathematician/jurist. Modern Number Theory. Last Theorem 1631: There does not exist xⁿ+yⁿ=zⁿ for n>2; x,y,z ε N. Proved by Wiles 1995.

Ferry, Jules. 1832-93. French premier 1880~5. Expanded empire. Compulsory secular education 1882. Dissolved Jesuits.

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