Aumale, Henri, duc d’Orleans. 1822-97. French general, Orleanist leader.

Austen, Jane. 1775-1817. English novelist: Sense and Sensibility, 1811, Pride and Prejudice, 1813. “the exquisite touch which renders the commonplace interesting”-W. Scott. Emma 1816.

Austro-Prussian War. 1866. Austria excluded from German Confederation. Austrian influence in Italy ended. Dual Monarchy.

Baader-Meinhof Gang. (Red Army Faction). 1968-92. West German terrorists supported by Stasi.

Ba’al Shem-Tov. 1700-60. Polish founder of Hasidism. Holiness of ordinary existence.

Bab. 1819-50. Arab founder of Babism, 1844.

Babington, Anthony. 1561-86. English conspirator to murder Elizabeth I for Mary Queen of Scots. Beheaded.

Babylon, Hanging Gardens. 6C BC. One of Seven Wonders of the World.

Babylonia. c8000BC Tigris-Euphrates Civ’n. 1792-50BC Hammurabi’s emp. c1530 Kassite. 11C Aramaen, Assyrian. 625 Chaldean. 538 Achaemenid. 331BC Alexander.

Bacon, Roger. 1214-94. English Franciscan monk. Advocated scientific experiment, observation. Alchemist. Formulated gunpowder. Magnifying glass 1250. Opus Majus 1266.Telescope.

Bacon’s Rebellion. 1676. Virginia colonists under N.Bacon defeat Indians, take Jamestown.

Bactria. c1500BC Aryan. 545BC Persia. 328BC Alexander. 256BC-140 Graeco-Bactria. Badakhshan. 7C Moslem. 1220 Genghis Khan. Now Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.

Badakhshan. 255BC-1584. Kingdom in Bactria claiming direct descendance from Alexander the Great.

Bain, Alexander. 1818-1903. Scottish pragmatist philosopher, psychologist. Logic 1870.

Baker, Benjamin. 1840-1907. English engineer: London Underground 1869. Forth Bridge 1882. Aswan Dam.

Balder. Scandinavian god of peace, felled by Hoder’s mistletoe arrow.

Balkan Wars. 1912-13. Balkan League defeats Ottoman Empire. Turkish territory distributed. General dissatisfaction termed the “powder keg of Europe”.

Baltard, Victor. 1805-74. French architect. First to employ metal girders: Les Halles. St-Augustine’s Church.

Banting, Frederick. 1891-1941. Canadian physician: discovered insulin with Best, MacLeod, 1921.

Bar, Confederation of. 1768-72. Polish RC nobles vs Russian hegemony.

Barrackpore Mutiny. 1824. Indian troops vs British commanders. Troops massacred.

Barras, Paul. 1755-1829. French Directory founder. Led Army of Interior.

Barth, Karl. 1886-1968. Swiss Protestant theologian. Can only understand God through word of Christ.

Bartholdi, Frédéric. 1834-1904. French sculptor of the Statue of Liberty 1886.

Bartók, Bela. 1881-1945. Modern Hungarian Nationalist composer. Bridged Hungarian folk to Western music.

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