Sebastapol, Siege. 1854. 11 mos. Allied Crimean War victory. First trench warfare. Florence Nightingale.

Shaftesbury, 7th earl. 1801-85. English reform politician. Coal Mines Act 1842. Factory Acts. Sponsored schools, housing for poor.

Sinai Campaign. 1956. Israeli preemptory attack takes Sinai. UN peacekeeping force in Gaza.

Slater, Samuel. 1768-1835. English/US. First American textile factory. Duplicated Arkwright spinning machines 1793.

Somerset. 2nd duke. c1406-1455. English general. Lost English territory in France. Quarrel with Duke of York led to War of Roses.

Somme, Battle of the. WWI. 1916. Allied victory with 1M casualties, minor gain. First use of tank. 1918. German victory.

St Pierre and Miquelon. 1635 French occupy. 17, 18C French, English dispute. 1814 French. 1947 French Overseas Territory.

Stalingrad, Battle. 1942-3. Russian victory over Germans. Turning point of WWII.

Tabari, At. 839-923. Arab. Wrote world history to 915. Annals of Apostles and Kings.

Talleyrand, Maurice de. 1754-1838. French politician under Directory and Empire. Congress of Vienna.

Tannenberg, Battle. 1410. Victory of Poles and Lithuanians ends Teutonic Knights’ expansion. 1914. Germans rout 2 Russian armies, crippling them for rest of WWI.

Teschen Dispute. 1919. Poland, Czechoslovakia battle over industrial, coal-mining territory.

Thalidomide. 1958-62. German/British sedative with disastrous effects on embryo development. Led to drug regulatory agencies worldwide.

Thermidor, Coup of 9. 1794. French moderatism after Terror. Directory. Robespierre executed. Jacobins persecuted.

Third Coalition, War. 1805. England, Austria, Russia, Sweden beaten by France, Spain despite Trafalgar victory. Ulm. Austerlitz. Coalition.

Tokugawa Mitsukuni. 1628-1700. Feudal leader, key to History of Great Japan 1658-1906.

Tory. Term (Irish = outlaw) applied 1679 to Duke of York supporters. English Royalist political party 1690-1830, refounded as Conservative Party 1833. In US: =colonists loyal to Britain during American Revolution.

Towton, Battle. 1461. York victory in War of Roses. Henry VI fled England. Edward IV took crown.

Toynbee, Arnold J. 1889-75. English historian on the cyclicality of civilizations. Study of History 1934-61.

Trafalgar, Battle. 1805. Nelson’s victory over the French and Spanish fleets. British naval superiority secured. Nelson killed. Ends Napoleon’s plans to invade England.

Transkei. Bantu territory of South Africa. 1962 Self government. 1976 Independence recognized, but only by South Africa.

Trasimeno, Battle. 217BC Victory of Hannibal over Romans.

Treitschke, Heinrich von. 1834-96. German Nationalist historian. Authoritarianism. History of Germany 1879-94.

Trojan War. c1184BC. 10 Year siege to retrieve Helen taken by Paris to Troy. Trojan Horse leads to Greek victory.

Venezuela Boundary Dispute. 19C over border with British Guiana. 1899 Most territory to Britain. Monroe Doctrine.

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