Kolin, Battle. 1757. Austrian victory forced Prussia to abandon Bohemia.

Leipzig Debate. 1519. Luther vs Eck. Both claim victory.

Leninism. Applied Dialectical Materialism. World Proletariat Revolution. Dictatorship of the Proletariat, then transition to Communism. Authoritarian conspiratorial elite conscious of imperative of history. “Freedom in discussion-unity in action”.

Lepanto, Battle. 1571. Major Christian naval victory vs Turks, saving Cyprus.

Lukács, György. 1885-1971. Hungarian Marxist writer: History of Class Conscioussness 1923.

Macaulay, Thomas. 1800-59. British politician, writer. Essays 1843. History of England 1849-61 the “Whig interpretation of history”.

Mahan, Alfred. 1840-1914. US naval officer/historian. Influence of Sea Power on History.

Mandate, League of Nations. Territory controlled by outside power. E.g. ex-German colonies, non-Turkish ex-Ottoman lands. 1946- UN Trusteeship.

Mansfield, Katherine. 1888-1923. NZ/English short story writer.

Marne, Battle. 1914. Paris defence vs Germans. Joffre. 1918 Allied victory is turning point in WWI. Foch.

Maupassant, Guy de. 1850-93. French short story writer: Boule de Suif 1880.

Mehmed I. -1421. Ottoman sultan. Restored by Tamerlane; re-united Ottoman territory.

Mexican War. 1846-8. US acquires western territory (5 states). Guadalupe-Hidalgo. 1861-4. Napoleon III conquers Mexico, installs Emperor Maximilian.

Mommsen, Theodor. 1817-1903. German historian. History of Rome 1854.

Mumford, Lewis. 1895-1990. US social critic. Must restore human moral values. The City in History 1961.

Muses. Nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne that preside over the areas of knowledge: Calliope-epics, Clio-history, Erato-love poems, Thalia-comedy, Melpomene- tragedy, Terpsichore-dance, Euterpe-music, Polyhymnia-sacred poems, Urania-astronomy.

Narrative Art. Late 19C. Pictures should tell a story. Hogarth.

National Conservatory of Music. 1795 Paris.

Neerwinden. 1693 Victory of Luxembourg over William of Orange.

New Caledonia. 1774 Cook discovers. 1843 French. 1864-94 Penal colony. 1954 French Overseas Territory.

Nike. Greek winged goddess of victory.

Northampton, Battle. 1460. War of the Roses. York victory earns right to succeed Henry VI.

Northern War, First. 1655-60. Sweden vs Poland and allies. Sweden wins Danish territory. Poland renounces claim to Swedish throne.

Observatory, Paris. 1667-72. Claude Perrault. Dimensions of the solar system 1672, meridians of longitude. Sets Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

Paeonius. c450-400BC. Greek sculptor. Winged Victory c420BC.

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