Gothic Architecture. 12-15C. Began with French cathedrals and spread over N Europe. Pointed arches, rib vaulting, flying buttresses. Stability achieved with balance rather than mass. Airy lightness. St. Denis 1140. Notre Dame Cathedral. Tudor.

Guilds. 11C-. Associations of merchants and craftsmen creating monopolistic protection.

Guise, Francois, duc de. 1519-63. Massacred Huguenots at Vassy, 1562, starting War of Religion.

Gurkhas. Nepal peoples. Fierce British fighting group 1947-.

Handfasting. 1 yr trial marriage, Scotland.

Harold II. Last Saxon king of England, 1066. Killed at Hastings.

Hastings, Battle. 1066. William defeats Harold II, conquers England for Normandy.

Hastings, Warren. 1732-1818. First English Gov-Gen of Bengal, 1772-84/5. Impeached...acquitted.

Hessians. German mercenaries fighting for Britain in American Revolution.

Hieroglyphics. c3400BC-500. Egyptian picture writing system. Rosetta Stone.

Hillel. c30BC-9. Jewish commentator. 7 Rules for interpreting Bible.

Hittites. c2300-1170BC. Asia Minor Empire c1400-. Discovered iron smelting. Hieroglyphics.

Hudson River. 1825-75. US Romantic landscape painting school.

Huss, Jan. 1372-1415. Bohemian priest. Burnt for advocating Wycliffe. Hussite Wars.

Imperial Conferences. 1907-37. Meetings of British Empire/Commonwealth countries.

Impressionism. 1867-86. European art movement named 1874 for Monet’s Impression Sunrise. Direct from nature with colors to render surfaces and lighting effects. Rejected primacy of subject. Renoir, Pissarro, Degas, Cezanne, Manet. Music: 1892-1910. Restraint and ambiguity. Mood music. Debussy.

Inquisition. Group of tribunals dedicated to routing out heresy. Papal. 1231-18C. Formalized by Gregory IX. Torture to obtain confession authorized by Innocent IV 1252. Roman. 1542-1908. RC church vs Protestantism. Galileo. Spanish. 1478-1834. Formed by Isabella and Ferdinand to persecute Jews and Moslems. Torquemada. Auto-da-fé.

Irredentists. 1878. Italian political party with object of incorporating neighbouring regions.

Jagirdar System. 13C-. Indian feudal system granting tax revenues to officials.

Jainism. 6C BC-. Pacifist ascetic Indian religion incorporating elements of Hinduism.

Jung, Karl. 1875-1961. Swiss psychiatrist. Synchronicity-theory that related events occur at the same time without connecting cause. Astrology. Psychology of the Unconscious 1912. Extrovert. Introvert. Collective Unconscious.

Junta. Emergency administrative council. Often after an overthrow of existing government.

Karageorge, George. 1762-1817. Serbian. Led revolt vs Turks, 1804. Murdered by Milos, starting 100 year feud.

Karens. S.Burmese tribes resisting rule.

Khmer Rouge. 1960-79. Cambodian Communists. Overthrew Lon Nol, creating Kampuchea 1975. Forced relocations, torture, executions. Millions killed. 1979 Overthrown by Vietnamese. 1982-95 guerilla war. 1995 Amnesty. Pol Pot.

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