Nobiles. 3C- Roman ruling aristocracy. Patricians and office holding Plebeians.

Nordlingen, Battle. 1634. Sweden defeated, ending influence in S Germany. Heilbronn alliance dissolved.

Pauling, Linus. 1901-94. US biochemist/peace advocate. Chemical bonding.

Peninsular War. 1808-14. British, Spanish, Portuguese under Wellington defeat French in Iberian Peninsula.

Pepin the Short. c714-68. First Carolingian king of France 751-. Charlemagne’s father. Donation of Pepin.

Quisling, Vidkun. 1887-1945. Traitor, head of Norwegian puppet government during German occupation, 1940-5. WWII. Executed.

Reichstag. Ruling body of HRE and German states. = Imperial Diet.

Ringling, John. 1866-1936. Circus impressario 1884. Bought Barnum and Bailey 1907.

Rococo. Art and Architecture 1720-70. Last stage of Baroque. Shell shaped motif in ornamentation. Dainty, graceful, ornate, smiling. Watteau. Boucher. Fragonard.

Roebling, John. 1806-69. US civil enginerer. First steel cable suspension bridges. Began Brooklyn Bridge.

Rosetta Stone. 196BC Multilingual stone used by Champollion to decipher hieroglyphics 1821.

Russo-Turkish Wars. 16-19C. Russia gains Black Sea to Balkans from crumbling Ottoman Empire in 10 wars. Assist Serb, Romanian independence. Crimean War.

Salinger, JD. 1919- US novelist. Catcher in the Rye 1951.

Sapir, Edward. 1884-1939. Polish/US linguist. Studied North American Indian languages.

Sardanapalus. Licentious, effeminate king of Assyria. Burned palace on defeat- killing self and court.

Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1857-1913. Swiss linguist.

Schelling, Friedrich. 1775-1854. German Idealist philosopher. -’artist is superior to thinker’.

Serapis. Egyptian deity of sun, healing.

Sibelius, Jan. 1865-1957. Finnish composer. Finlandia. Symphonies and tone poems evoke feeling of North. Kulervo Symphony 1892.

Sistine Chapel. 1473. Vatican. Walls by Botticelli, Ghirlandaio; ceiling by Michelangelo 1508-12. Last Judgement 1534-41.

St Brice’s Day Massacre. 1002. Ethelred orders killing of Danes in England.

Stalingrad. Tsaritsyn. 1925 =Stalingrad. 1961 =Volgograd.

Stalingrad, Battle. 1942-3. Russian victory over Germans. Turning point of WWII.

Sturm und Drang. 1760-80. German anti-enlightenment literary movement. Goethe. Klinger.

Suckling, John. 1609-42. English poet, lyricist. Invented cribbage.

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