Gotham. English villagers, to avoid expense of entertaining King John, pretended to be fools.

Gothic Architecture. 12-15C. Began with French cathedrals and spread over N Europe. Pointed arches, rib vaulting, flying buttresses. Stability achieved with balance rather than mass. Airy lightness. St. Denis 1140. Notre Dame Cathedral. Tudor.

Gothic Art. 13C-. Church sculpture, illuminated manuscripts. Less idealized than Classical. Emotions portrayed.

Graces. Three beautiful attendants of Aphrodite. Aglaia, brightness. Euphrosyne, joy. Thalia, bloom.

Gräfe, Albrecht. 1828-70. German ophthalmologist. Glaucoma, 1857. Cataract treatment, 1867.

Greek Fire. 648. Byzantine secret weapon. Flammable substance that ignited on contact with water invented by Callinicus of Heliopolis.

Green Mountain Boys. 1770. Ethan Allen’s Vermont militia in American Revolution.

Griffith, Arthur. 1872-1922. Founded Sinn Fein 1905. Irish President 1922.

Hale, Nathan. 1755-76. American Revolutionary spy. Executed by British -“I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country”.

Hannibal. 247-182BC. Carthaginian leader. Crossed the Alps with elephants in winter to attack Rome 217BC. St Bernard Pass. Punic Wars.

Hanno. 5C BC. Carthaginian. Established colonies in West Africa.

Hasdrubal. -207BC. Hannibal’s brother. Carthaginian commander.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. 1804-64. US author: Scarlet Letter 1850. House of Seven Gables 1851.

Hiawatha. 15C Onondaga chief, legendary founder of League of 5 nations. Longfellow.

Hobbes, Thomas. 1588-1679. English Materialist Determinist philosopher. Nominalist. Royalist. Good is that which brings pleasure; evil, pain. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Elements of Law 1640. Leviathan 1651.

Hofmannsthal, Hugo von. 1874-1929. Austrian poet, librettist. Elektra 1903.

Homo Sapiens. 350,000BC. Neanderthal.

Hopper, Edward. 1882-1967. US realist painter. Nighthawks 1942.

Idealism. Artistic school of thought holding the aesthetic ideal more important than the representation of the subject. vs Realism.

Independents. Separatists. 17C English Christian sects believing that congregation should control its own affairs. Congregationalism. Puritans.

Interactionism. Descartes. False idea that the mind affects body through pineal gland.

Ionian School. 6C BC. Greek philosophers. Thales. Araximanedes. Diogenes. Explained phenomena in terms of physical forces.

John Paul II. 1920-. Poland. Authoritarian conservative pope 1978-. Wounded 1981 by Islamic fanatic. Most trips. More canonization than previous popes combined.

Jung, Karl. 1875-1961. Swiss psychiatrist. Synchronicity-theory that related events occur at the same time without connecting cause. Astrology. Psychology of the Unconscious 1912. Extrovert. Introvert. Collective Unconscious.

Kamikaze. 1281 “Divine Wind”. Typhoon that destroyed Mongol invasion of Japan. 1944- suicide pilots. Okinawa.

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