Crapper, Thomas. 1836-1910. British plumber. Installed Queen Victoria’s toilets. Manufacturer, but not inventor of syphonic flush toilets.

Creon. Oedipus’ uncle. King of Thebes. Killed Antigone.

Cressida. Unfaithful to Troilus, she deserted Troy for the Greeks.

Crichton, James “The Admirable”. 1560-82. Scottish adventurer/scholar.

Crick, Francis. 1916-. British discoverer of DNA structure with Watson 1953.

Crispi, Francesco. 1819-1901. Italian Prime Minister 1887~96. Thousand.

Crofter. Scottish tenant farmer with right of common pasture.

Cromwell, Oliver. 1599-1658. Led revolution in England, 1649. Lord Protector of the Realm, 1653-. Commonwealth Head of Government, 1649-. Signed Charles I death warrant.

Crookes, William. 1832-1919. English physicist. Invented Crookes tube. Discovered thallium. Radiometer.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Crystal Palace. 1851. Built for the Great Exhibition, London. First iron-framed. Burned, 1936. Paxton.

Cuban Revolution. 1956-9. Castro overthrows Batista.

Cubism, Synthetic. 1913. Braque and Picasso create a collage form of painting.

Culhwch + Olwen. c1100. Earliest Arthurian romance.

Culpeper’s Rebellion. 1677-79. Carolina colonists vs England. Establish their own government.

Cumberland, Richard. 1631-1718. Philosopher, “father” of English Utilitarianism.

Cunaxa, Battle. 401BC. Failed revolt vs Artaxerxes II. Retreat of the Ten Thousand.

Cuneiform. 3000-1C BC. Sumerian writing form in clay with triangular pointed stick. Spread widely.

Curragh Incident. 1914. 57 British army officers resign rather than fight Ulstermen.

Cush. Ancient kingdom in Sudan = Nubia = ancient Ethiopia.

Cuthbert, St. 635-87. Celtic monk, apostle to Northumbria.

Cybele. Roman Great Mother of gods. = Rhea.

Cyclops. Mythical one-eyed giant.

Cynicism. 4C BC-6C. Greek philosophy. Antisthenes. Diogenes.

Cyprian, St. c200-258. Martyred Bishop of Carthage. Opposed Pope.

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