Scalawags. White southern Republicans who supported Reconstruction.

Scaliger, Julius Caesar. 1484-1558. Italian/French classical scholar. “Father” of literary criticism. Poetics 1561.

Scaramouche. Italian clown, at 83 could knock off his partner’s hat with a high kick.

Sceptics. We can know nothing more than the fleeting images of consciousness. Most is unknowable. Pyrrho.

Schacht, Hjalmar. 1877-1970. German financier. Halted ruinous inflation 1923. President of Reichsbank 1929-39. Minister of Economy 1934-7.

Scheherazade. Entertained the Sultan of the Indies for 1001 nghts with stories, delaying her execution.

Schelling, Friedrich. 1775-1854. German Idealist philosopher. -’artist is superior to thinker’.

Schema de Parvo. 1870. Roman Catholic catechism.

Schiner, Matthäus. c1465-1522. Led Swiss to defeat at Maignano. Established peace and neutrality of Switzerland.

Schirrman, Richard. 1874-1961. German originator of youth hostels.

Schleicher, Kurt von. 1882-1934. Last chancellor of Weimar Republic 1932-3. Opposed Hitler. Murdered by SS on Night of Long Knives.

Schleiermacher, Friedrich. 1768-1834. German Protestant theologian.

Schlesinger, Arthur. 1888-1965. US historian. History of American Life 1928-43.

Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr. 1917-. US historian. A Thousand Days 1965.

Schmalkaldic League. 1531-47. Failed alliance of Protestant Princes vs HRE to defend Lutheranism. War 1546-7.

Schoenberg, Arnold. 1874-1951. Austrian/US pioneer of atonal twelve-note method-key to recent musical advances. Five Piano Pieces 1923.

Scholasticism. 11-14C. Christian movement to reconcile faith, reason. Anselm. Thomas Aquinas. Duns Scotus.

Schongauer, Martin. 1445/50-91. German Gothic engraver.

Schopenhauer, Arthur. 1788-1860. German pessimist Idealist philosopher. Will is superior to knowledge. World viewed as will and ideas. Every individual is a part of a Universal Will.

Schubert, Franz. 1797-1828. Austrian Romantic symphonic composer of lyrical beauty. Created German lieder. “The most poetic of musicians”-Liszt. A Minor Symphony 1822. Unfinished Symphony1822.

Schütz, Heinrich. 1585-1672. Founded German church music with Italian style. Wrote first German opera, Dafne 1627.

Schwann, Theodor. 1810-82. German scientist. Isolated first enzyme from animal tissue 1836.

Schwarzenberg, Karl, Fürst zu. 1771-1820. Austrian. Commanded with Napoleon in Russia. Later led Allies vs Napoleon.

Scipio Africanus Major. 236-183BC. Roman general. Pushed Carthaginians from Spain. Defeated Hannibal at Zama 202.

Scipio Africanus Minor. 185-129BC. Roman Consul, censor, general. Conquered, destroyed Carthage.

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