Rossetti, Dante. 1828-82. English poet/painter. Founded Pre-Raphaelites. Blessed Damozel 1850. Beata Beatrix c1863.

Roth, Philip. 1933-. US novelist Goodbye Columbus 1959. Portnoy’s Complaint 1969.

Rothko, Mark. 1903-70. Russian/US Abstract Expressionist painter. Large canvases of solid color. Light Earth and Blue 1954.

Rothschild, Lionel de. 1808-79. First Jewish member of British Parliament 1858-74.

Rothschild, Meyer. 1744-1812. German banking family patriarch.

Rotten Boroughs. -1832. British rural constituencies with few voters due to urban migration. Reform Bill.

Roualt, Georges. 1871-1958. French Expressionist painter. Bold, vivid, flat colors like stained glass. The Old King 1937.

Rough Riders. 1898. US volunteer cavalry in Spanish American War under Roosevelt. Won San Juan hill.

Round Table. King Arthur and his knights.

Rousseau, Henri. Le Douanier. 1844-1910. Allegorical Expressionist painter. The Dream. Sleeping Gypsy 1897. Hungry Lion 1905.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Roxana. -c311BC. Wife of Alexander the Great. Executed after his death.

Royal Academy of Arts. 1768. 40 members. Based on Hogarth’s Society of Independent Artists.

Royaume, Mother. Saved Geneva 1602 by pouring hot stew (and pot) on heads of Savoy soldiers.

Rubinstein, Arthur. 1886-1982. Popular Polish/US pianist.

Ruche, La. the Beehive. Montparnasse Avant-garde artist residence and studio, 1900-30. Chagall. Léger.

Rudolf. 1858-89. Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne. Died mysteriously. Declared a suicide.

Runeberg, Johan. 1804-77. Finnish epic poet. National anthem adapted from his poem Vårtland.

Ruskin, John. 1819-1900. English writer and Pre-Raphaelite art critic. Social reformer.

Russell, Bertrand. 1872-1970. English mathematician, liberal philosopher, logician, pacifist. Believed in human reason. Founded CND. Principles of Mathematics 1910-13. History of Western Philosophy 1945.

Russell, William. 1639-83. English Whig. Executed, then acquitted for Rye House Plot.

Russia. 9C Slavs, Rus invade. 862-1598 Rurik dynasty. 1240 Mongol Empire of Golden Horde. 1462 Ivan the Great. 16C Unified. 1613 Romanov dynasty. 1917 Communist. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991 Russian Federation. CIS.

Russian Revolution. 1905. Led to Duma, Constitution and end of Mir system. Police gradually regained authority. October Manifesto. Bloody Sunday. 1917 Feb: Liberal republicans overthrow Czar. Oct: Lenin’s Bolsheviks overthrow Kerensky’s Provisional Government, withdraw from WWI.

Ruthenia. 1321 Lithuania. 1772 Russ/Austria-Hungary. 1920 Czechoslovakia. 1939 Hungary. 1945 = Transcarpathian Ukraine (USSR).

Ruthenian Church. 1594- = Uniate Catholic. Slavonic Roman Catholic. 1940 Allegiance changed to Russian Orthodox.

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