Philippines. 1521 Magellan discovers. 1565 Spanish conquer. 1762-64 British occupy. 1898 US. 1935 Commonwealth. 1941-11 Japan occupies. 1946 Republic. 1973 Marcos dictator. 1986 Democracy. MacArthur.

Philo. c20BC-50. Alexandrian Jew. Reconciled Jewish faith with Greek reason.

Philoctetes. Mythical Greek warrior. Killed Paris at Troy.

Philomela. Mythical Greek princess. Raped by Tereus. Tongue cut out.

Phoebe. Greek Titan, associated with moon.

Phoenicians. Canaanites. 30-4C BC. Eastern Mediterranean traders from England to Africa. 20C BC Tyre. 15C BC invented alphabet. 814BC Carthage.

Phrynichus. c512-476BC. Athenian playwright. First women characters. Capture of Miletus 494BC.

Physiocrats. 18C. Agricultural based philosophy. Land is source of all wealth. Elimination of controls over economy. Laissez-Faire. Quesnay. Turgot.

Physiognomism. Belief in the relationship between personality types and facial characteristics. Lavater. Aristotle.

Piaf, Edith. 1915-63. French music hall singer.

Picard, Jean. 1620-82. French astronomer. Founded Paris Observatory. Computed size of earth.

Piccard, Auguste. 1884-1962. Swiss physicist. Balloon to stratosphere. Bathyscaphe below ocean.

Picquigney, Truce. 1475. France pays England to withdraw army.

Pierre de Montreuil. 13 C builder of Notre-Dame Cathedral, architect of Ste-Chapelle, 1248.

Pietism. 17-18C. Spener’s religious movement. Influenced Moravians, Methodists. Bible study.

Pilâtre de Rosier, Jean-François. 1756-85. Physician and balloonist. First ascent 1783 with Montgolfier; First free flight 1783 with d’Arlandes. Killed trying to cross Channel.

Pilgrim Fathers. 1620. English religious Separatists who sailed on Mayflower to avoid persecution.

Pilgrimage of Grace. 1536. Catholic uprising in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire against dissolution of monasteries, taxation and inflation.

Pilon, Germain. c1537-90. Fench. sculptor. Three Graces 1561.

Pindar. c522-443BC. Greek Epicurean lyric poet of odes celebrating athletic victories.

Pinel, Philippe. 1745-1826. French physician. Revolutionized care of the insane at Salpêtrière with humane treatment.

Pinter, Harold. 1930-. English playwright. Birthday Party 1958. Caretaker 1960.

Piraeus. 5C BC-. Athenian port.

Pirandello, Luigi. 1867-1936. Italian dramatist:Six Characters in Search of an Author 1921.

Pisa, Council. 1409. Elected Alexander V as third pope in failed attempt to end Great Schism.

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