Magnus I. The Good. 1024-47. King of Norway 1035-, Denmark 1042-, uniting them. Failed in claim to England.

Magritte, René. 1898-1967. Belgian Surrealist painter. Ceci n’est pas un pipe 1948. Castle of the Pyrenees 1962.

Mahdi. Shi’ite messiah who will appear at end of the world. Several claimants have appeared.

Maia. Greek Pleiade. Mother of Hermes by Zeus.

Mailer, Norman. 1923-2007. US writer. Naked and the Dead 1948. Executioner’s Song 1979. Harlot’s Ghost 1991.

Maimonides, Moses of Cordova. 1135-1204. Jewish philosopher. Mishneh Torah 1168. Guide for the Perplexed 1180.

Maintenon, Françoise de. 1635-1719. Mistress, then secret wife of Louis XIV. Founded St-Cyr.

Makarios III. 1913-77. Orthodox archbishop. Pro-Greek Cyprus president 1959-.

Malamud, Bernard. 1914-86. US author. Jewish themes. Fixer 1966. Natural 1952.

Malan, Daniel. 1874-1959. South African Prime Minister 1948-54. Established Apartheid.

Malawi. c13C Chewa. 19C Yao, Ngoni. 1859 Explored by Livingstone. 1893 British protectorate. 1907 =Nyasaland. 1953 +Northern Rhodesia. 1964 Independent =Malawi. Zambia. Banda.

Malcolm III. c1031-1093. Scottish king 1058-. Killed and succeeded Macbeth.

Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1884-1942. Polish. Founded social anthropology.

Malory, Thomas. 1430-71. English writer: Morte darthur c1470.

Malraux, André. 1901-76. French novelist. La Condition Humaine 1933. Museum Without Walls 1967.

Malta. c800BC Phoenecia...Carthage. 218BC Rome. 5C Vandal/ Goth. 6C Byzantine. 870 Arab. 1090 Sicily. 1530 Knights of St. John. 1798 French. 1814 British. 1964 Indepependent. 1974 Republic. Population awarded George Cross 1942.

Malthus, Thomas. 1766-1834. English economist, warned population would exceed food supply. Essay on Population 1798.

Mameluks. Egyptian slave bodyguards who formed 1250-1382 Bahrite, 1382-1517 Burjite dynasties. Overthrown by Turks. Ali Pasha.

Man in the Iron Mask. Anonymous Bastille prisoner 1698-1703.

Manchuria. 926 Khitan Empire. 1234 Mongol. 1644 Manchu. 1898 Port Arthur. 1932 Manchukuo. 1946 China.

Mandaeanism. Persian Gnostic sect revering John the Baptist. Fertility worship.

Mandela, Nelson. 1918-. South African anti-Apartheid ANC leader. Jailed 1962-90. President 94-99.

Mandeville, John. 14C. English author. Travels of John Mandeville, Knight 1356.

Manfred. 1232-66. Sicilian king 1258-. Opposed papal authority.

Manichaeism. 240-6C. Dualist ascetic Persian religion founded by Mani (-274) combining Gnosticism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity. Man’s spirit is good, body is evil. Albigens, Cathars, Paulician.

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