Le Nain. Antoine, 1588-1648. Louis, 1593-1648. Mathieu, 1607-1677. French brothers, painters. Popular Scenes 1642.

Lenin, Vladimir Illyich. 1870-1924. Russian Bolshevik revolutionary. Dictator 1917-. Created authoritarian, elite, disciplined organization.

Leninism. Applied Dialectical Materialism. World Proletariat Revolution. Dictatorship of the Proletariat, then transition to Communism. Authoritarian conspiratorial elite conscious of imperative of history. “Freedom in discussion-unity in action”.

Lenoir, Alexandre. 1761-1839. Archeologist. Founder of the Museum of French Monuments.

Leo I, St. 400-461. Pope 440-. Opposed Nestorianism, Manichaeism and other heresies.

Leo X. 1475-1521. Pope 1513-. Excommunicated Luther. Depleted treasury.

Leonidas. King of Sparta. Killed resisting Persians at Thermopylae, 480BC.

Leopold and Loeb. 1924. Wealthy, intellectual partners ‘perfect’ murder of Bobby Franks leads to life imprisonment. Darrow plea avoids execution.

Leopold II. 1835-1909. King of Belgians 1865-. Ruled Congo ruthlessly.

Leovigild. Last Visigoth King of Spain 572-86.

Lepidus, Marcus. -13BC. Roman triumvir with Antony, Octavian 43-36BC. Failed revolt vs Octavian, 36BC.

Lesotho. Basutoland. c1800 Basotho kingdom. 1868 British. 1871 Cape Colony. 1884 British colony. 1966 Independent kingdom of Lesotho.

Lesseps, Ferdinand. 1805-94. French engineer. Suez Canal 1869. Corinth Canal. Designed and began Panama Canal 1881-89.

Lessing, Doris. 1919-. Iran./Rhodesian/British novelist. The Children of Violence 1964.

Lessing, Gotthold. 1729-81. German Movement dramatist. Laokoon 1765. Minna von Barnheim 1767. Nathan the Wise 1779.

Lethe. Greek mythical river of forgetfulness in Hades.

Leto. Mother of Apollo and Artemis.

Leucippus. -440BC. Greek philosopher. Atomism. “Nothing occurs at random”.

Leuctra, Battle. 371BC. Thebes defeats Sparta, signalling decline.

Leutze, Emanuel. 1816-68. US painter. Washington Crossing the Delaware 1851.

Leviathan. Evil sea monster of Jewish mythology.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1908-. Belgian/French ethnologist. Theory of Symbolic Structures: Mythologiques 1964-8.

Levites. Hebrew religious teachers, who slaughtered the idolators of the golden calf.

Lewis, Merriwether. 1774-1809. US explorer with Clark overland to Pacific NW, 1804-6.

L’Hôpital, Michel de. 1505-73. French statesman, urged tolerance during the Wars of Religion.

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