Woolf, Virginia. 1882-1941. English psychological stream of consciousness writer. Captured transience and subtlety of thought. Bloomsbury Group. Mrs Dalloway 1925. To the Lighthouse 1927. Waves 1931.

World War I. 1914-18. Allies-France, British Empire, Russia, Italy, US(1917-) vs Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Caused by Nationalist movements, Balkan instability, trade rivalry, alliances. 30M casualties. First tanks, chemical, planes, submarines. Ended Russian, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian Empires.

World War II. 1939-45. Allies-Britain, France, US(1941-), Russia(1941-) vs Axis-Italy, Germany, Japan, Russia(-1941). Caused by German Totalitarian expansionism resulting from WWI reparations and fear of Communism. 55M dead. 35M wounded. 30M refugees. Cost $US 1500B. Led to United Nations, Soviet power, State of Israel, atomic weapons.

Wright, Wilbur. 1867-1912, Orville. 1871-1948. Aviation pioneer. First sustained controlled heavier than air flight, 1903.

WTO. World Trade Organization. 1995. Successor to GATT. Focus of anti-globalization protests. WFTU.

Wyandotte Constitution. 1859. Conclusion of Bleeding Kansas. Rejected slavery, women’s suffrage.

Wyat’s Insurrection. 1554. Failed march on London vs Mary’s marriage to Philip II of Spain. Wyat (son of Thomas Wyat) beheaded.

Xanadu. (To-lun). 1256. Mongol Kublai Khan’s summer capital.

Xanthos, Sieges. Lycians defend against: 546BC Persians. 43BC Romans. Residents commit mass suicide both times. Asia Minor.

Xavier, St. Francis. 1506-52. One of First Jesuits. Apostle to Asia 1540-.

Yemen. ~10CBC Minaean, Saba’, Qataban, Himyarite Kingdoms. 1C Jews settle. 4C Christians settle. 525 Abyssinia. 575 Persia. 7C Moslem. 9C ’Alid Zaydi dynasty. 1173 Ayyubid. c1229 Rasulid. 1517 Ottoman. 1962 Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen). 1990 Merged with c100BC Himyarite. 1229 Rasulis. 1635 Zaydi. 1735 Divided South: 1802 British protection. 1839 British East India Company. 1937 Aden British Protectorate. 1963 Federation of South Arabia. 1967 People’s Republic of Yemen. 1735 North: 1872 Ottoman. 1920 Tribal. 1962 Yemen Arab Republic 1990 merged=Yemen.

Yorktown, Siege. 1781. British surrender to American and French forces. American Revolution.

Ypsilanti, Alexander. 1792-1828. Greek. Led unsuccessful revolt vs Ottomans 1821.

Zaibatsu. 1868-1946. Japanese family owned-cartels. Mitsui. Mitsubishi. Sumitomo. Yasuda.

Zanzibar. 1499 Portugal explores. 1698 Muscat +Oman. 18-19C Slave source. 1861 Independent sultanate. 1890 British protectorate. 1963 Independent. 1964 +Tanganyika = Tanzania.

Zeebrugge, Raid. 1918. Allied attempt to block harbour, trapping German submarines, warships.

Zen Buddhism. 6C-. Sect founded by Bodhidharma. Sudden Enlightenment by meditation on Koan paradoxes. 1191 imported to Japan.

Zimmerman Telegram. 1917. Germany suggests Mexican alliance if US enters war. Interception aroused public vs Germany.

Zola, Emile. 1840-1902. French “scientific” novelist: Nana 1880. Dreyfus supporter. Realist. Founded Naturalist Movement. Thérèse Raquin 1867. J’accuse 1898.

Zollverein. 1818-71. German economic agreements led by Prussia...German Customs Union 1834. First steps toward union.