Four Noble Truths. Basic Buddhist doctrine. Existence is suffering, suppressed by following the 8-fold path.

Fox, Charles. 1749-1806. English Whig Statesman who supported Liberal causes. Coined term ’radical’ 1797.

France. 6C BC Celt, Greek colonies. 51BC Rome. 3-5C Franks, Visigoths inv. 481 Merovingian emp. 751 Carolingian. 843 Split = W Frankish Kingdom. 987 Capetian. 1016 + Burgundy. 1378 Valois dyn. 1589 Bourbon dyn. 1792 Republic. 1799 Consulate. 1804 Empire. 1814 Monarchy rest. 1848 2nd Republic. 1852 2nd Empire. 1870 3rd Republic. 1940 German occupation. 1946 4th Republic. 1958 5th Republic.

Francis I. 1708-65. Holy Roman Emperor, 1745-. Husband of Maria Theresa. Wars of Polish and Austrian Succession.

Francis Joseph II. 1906-89. Ruled Liechtenstein 1938-. Neutral in WWII. High tech, banking, Europe’s richest nation. Woman suffrage 1984.

Frederick the Fair. 1286-1330. Fought Louis IV unsuccessfully for German crown 1314-22.

French Sudan. Mali.

Freud, Sigmund. 1856-1939. Austrian founder of Psychoanalysis. Sexually oriented guilt. First to divide mind into conscious and subconscious. Studies in Hysteria 1895. Interpretation of Dreams 1899.

Freyr. Norse god of fertility, sun, rain. Freyia’s brother.

Friedman, Milton. 1912-. Monetarist economist. Demand is mainly a function of money supply. Keynes. Laissez-faire. Capitalism and Freedom 1962.

Fulton, Robert. 1765-1815. US engineer: steam boat Clermont, 1807. Submarine, 1801.

Galicia. Gallaecci. c137BC Rome. 411 Suevi. 585 Visigoth. 1072 León.

Galilee. N Israel. (Ancient N Palestine). Jesus’ homeland. Absorbed in Arab-Israeli War, 1949.

Galileo Galilei. 1564-1642. Italian physicist. Planetary motion. Thermometer 1592. Acceleration of falling bodies 1604. Astronomical telescope 1609. Sunspots 1610. Arrested for heliocentricity, 1632. Rehabilitated by Vatican 1992. Copernicus.

Gallipoli. 1915-16. Unsuccessful Allied attempt to secure Dardanelles from Turkey. Churchill resigns as Lord of Admiralty.

Gaullists. 1947-76. Supporters of DeGaulle’s programs. 1976. RPR.

General Strike. UK 1926, TUC supports miners for 9 days. Belgium 1893, 1902, for male suffrage. Sweden 1909, vs wage freeze for 1 month.

Genêt, Edmond. 1763-1834. French diplomat. Failed to win US support for war vs Britain.

Genet, Jean. 1910-86. French dramatist. Theatre of the Absurd. The Blacks 1958.

George III. 1738-1820. King of Great Britain and Ireland 1760-. Supported King’s Friends. Political instability. American Revolution. Insane 1810-.

George’s Day Revolt, St. 1343-5. Estonians vs Danes. Suppressed by Teutonic Knights who bought Estonia from Denmark.

German Customs Union. Zollverein.

Ghazali, al-. 1058-1111. Islamic Sufi philosopher, mystic.

Gilbert, William. 1834-1911. Librettist with Sullivan. Pirates of Penzance 1879. Mikado 1885.

Giolitti, Giovanni. 1842-1928. Italian Prime Minister 1892~1921. Universal male suffrage 1912.

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