Duluth. 1636-1710. French explorer of Lake Superior area.

Dust Bowl. 1930s. US plains suffered erosion, dust storms, due to drought, wind, poor farm practice.

Eastern Crisis. 1839-41. British suppression of Muhammed Ali’s Egyptian expansion.

Eckmühl. Battle. 1809. Bavaria. Napoleon’s victory over Austria who lose German support.

Eden, Anthony. 1897-1977. British Prime Minister 55-7. Resigned over Suez Crisis.

Edgar Aetheling. 1050-1130. Anglo-Saxon prince who submitted to William I.

Edward VI. 1537-53. King of England and Ireland, 1547-. Protestant reform. Named Jane Grey as successor.

Egypt. 3100BC Menes unites. 2780 Old Kingdom. 2600 First pyramid. 2040 Middle Kingdom. 1570 New Kingdom. 663 Assyria. 525 Persia. 332 Alexander...323 Ptolemy. 30BC Rome...395 Byzantine. 642 Moslem. 1250 Mameluk. 1517 Ottoman. 1798 Napoleon. 1805 Ottoman. 1882 British occupy. 1914 British protectorate. 1922 Indepedent monarchy. 1952 Coup. 1953 Republic. 1958-61 UAR.

Elizabeth I. 1533-1603. Queen of England, 1558-. Stable, prosperous reign of literature and art. Restored Protestantism. Supported them abroad.

Éloi, St. c588-660. Treasurer to Clotaire II and Dagobert. Goldsmith.

Éluard, Paul. 1895-1952. French surrealist poet.

Empire of the West. 800-. State founded by Charlemagne, continued to 1806 as the Holy Roman Empire. Succeeded Roman Emperor of the West. Split Eastern kingdoms.

Enclosure. Land divided, fenced for better yield, causing hardships for smaller farmers, peasants. English 15-16, 18-19C, Europe 18-20C.

Ephesus. Major Greek, Roman city now in Turkey. 133 Bequeathed to Rome by Attale. 263 Goths sacked Temple of Artemis, 7 wonder.

Ephesus, Council. 431. Nestor debates Cyril. Monophysitism adopted.

Epicureanism. 306BC-. Goal is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Epicurus.

Epicurus. c341-270BC. Greek Philospher. Founded Epicureanism. Maximum pleasure attained through moderation.

Erasmus, Desiderius. c1466-1536. Dutch Humanist ecclesiastic reform writer. Published first New Testament based on Greek, 1516. Reason over ignorance and superstition. Opposed Luther. Praise of Folly. Enchiridion: Christ requires of us nothing but a pure and sincere life.

Eratosthenes. c276-194BC. Alexandrian mathematician, philosopher. Measured earth’s circumference, tilt of axis. World map 220BC.

Eritrea. 2-9C Aksumite (Ethiopian) Empire. 16C Ottoman. 17-19C Dispute. 1889 Italy. 1941 Britain. 1952 Autonomous within Ethiopian Empire. 1962 Ethiopian province. 1993 Independent.

Escalade. December 12 celebration of Savoy’s unsuccessful last attack on Geneva, 1602.

Escher, M.C. 1898-1971. Dutch graphic artist. Optical illusion, surrealistic effects.

Esma’il I. 1487-1524. Shah of Iran 1501-. Converted Iran Sunni to Shi’ah.

Ethiopia. c1000BC Semite. 1C Aksumite Kingdom. 10C Zagwe dynasty. 1270 Solomonic dynasty. 17C Divided. 1855 Re-united. 1935 Italy (Italian East Africa). 1941 Independent. 1952 +Eritrea. 1974 Coup, Republic. 1993 -Eritrea.

Eudoxus of Cnidus. c400-350BC. Greek astronomer. Explained movement of sun, moon, planets.

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