Copernicus, Nicolaus. 1473-1543. Polish astronomer, who demonstrated planetary motion around sun 1528. De Revolutionibus. Aristarchus. Galileo.

Corn Laws. 1804-15. British agricultural price support. Repeal, 1846, marks transformation from agricultural to industrial priorities and free trade.

Cornwallis, Charles. 1738-1805. British General. Ended American Revolution by surrender at Yorktown.

Cotton Famine. 1861-5. English depression due to supply cut-off during American Civil War.

Coué, Émile. 1857-1926. French Positivist psychotherapist. Autosuggestion. “Every day and in every way I am getting better and better.” 1920.

Count’s War. 1533-36. Danish war of succession. Confirmed Protestant Reformation and hereditary succession.

Crassus, Lucius. 140-91BC. Roman statesman, orator. Banished non-citizens, causing Social War.

Crassus, Marcus. c115-53BC. First Roman triumvirate member. Suppressed Spartacus’ slave revolt.

Croesus. -546BC. Last King of Lydia 560-.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cuneiform. 3000-1C BC. Sumerian writing form in clay with triangular pointed stick. Spread widely.

Cush. Ancient kingdom in Sudan = Nubia = ancient Ethiopia.

Cyrenaics. 4C BC. Greek school of philosophy. Pleasure is the highest good. Epicureanism.

Cyril, St. c444. Patriarch of Alexandria. Deported Nestor. Lynched Hypatia. Launched pogroms against Jews. Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon.

Czechoslovakia. 1918 Formed in breakup of Austro-Hungarian Empire. 1920 Little Entente. 1938 -Sudetenland. 1939-45 German occupation. 1949 People’s Democratic Republic. 1968 Prague Spring. 1991 Republic. 1993 Split into Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Dada. Anarchistic, deliberately shocking “non-art” begun in Zurich, 1916. Led to Surrealism. Arp. Duchamp. Ernst.

Dali, Salvador. 1904-89. Spanish Surrealist painter of nightmare visions. Persistence of Memory. Crucifixion.

Dalton, John. 1766-1844. English scientist. Law of Partial Pressures. Color blindness 1793.

Damocles. 4C BC. Dionysius suspended a sword by a single hair over his head at a banquet.

Dance, George. (The Younger). 1741-1825. English Neoclassical architect College of Surgeons 1813. Founder, Royal Academy.

Dark Ages. c500-1000. Period of decline, frequent war. Little documentation survives.

Darwin, Charles. 1809-1882. English Naturalist. His Theory of Evolution supported Materialism. Origin of Species by Natural Selection 1859. Descent of Man 1871.

Davies, William. 1871-1940. Welsh peripatetic poet. Autobiography of a Super-Tramp 1907.

Day, Benjamin. 1810-89. US founder New York Sun 1833. Brother Jonathan 1842.

Defender of the Faith. 1521. Title conferred by Pope Leo X on Henry VIII. Withdrawn after Act of Supremacy. Reconfirmed by Parliament, 1544 for all succeeding monarchs.

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