Ruanda Urundi. Batwa. Bahuta. 14C Watusi. 1897 German East Africa. 1916 Belgium. 1923 League of Nations mandate 1962 Independent. Rwanda, Burundi.

Rudolf II. 1552-1612. Holy Roman Emperor 1576-. Ended toleration of Protestants.

Russification. Attempted conversion of local language and culture by settlement of large numbers of Russians. 19C Poland, Finland. 20C Kazakstan. Baltic.

Rykov, Aleksey. 1881-1938. Russian Bolshevik leader. Opposed Stalin. Rehabilitated 1988.

Sabbatal, Zevi. 1626-76. Jewish mystic. Failed march on Constantinople.

Sabellianism. 3C Christian heresy. Trinity is 3 manifestations of one Godhead.

Sacred Wars. 6-4C BC. Greek city-states, for control of of shrine at Delphi.

Safavids. 1501-1736. Moslem dynasty. Led Persia to power. Established Shi’a Islam as state religion.

Salesbury, William. c1520-84. Welsh lexicographer. Translated New Testament to Welsh 1567.

Salonika Campaign. 1915-18. Allies take Serbia, Romania. Force Constantine I to abdicate.

Salpêtrière. 1656. Established by Louis XIV to care for the 55,000 beggars on the streets of Paris. Pinel.

Samson. Old Testament Israelite judge, prophet. Lost sight and strength when Delilah cut off his hair.

Samuel. c11C BC. Israelite judge, prophet. Established Hebrew monarchy.

Samuel, Herbert. 1870-1963. British philosopher, statesman. Practical Ethics.

Sanctuary, Right of. Established 4C Rome. England until 1623 (criminal), 18C (civil). Europe until 1789. Asylum in church for 1 month.

Sandinistas. 1962-. Nicaraguan Communist guerilla group vs Somoza. Governed 1980-89, despite US Funded Contra rebellion.

Saracoglu, Sükrü. 1887-1953. Turkish Prime Minister 1942-6. Atatürk ally.

Sarah. Old Testament figure. Abraham’s wife. Isaac’s mother.

Sardinia. 6C BC Carthage. 238BC Rome. 435 Vandal. 534 Byzantine Empire. 10C Saracen. 1016 Pisa. 1189 Hohenstaufen +Piedmont. 1326 Aragon. 1713 Austria. 1720 Savoy Kingdom. 1796 France. 1815 +Genoa. 1861 Italy. Sardinian Victor-Emmanuel became king of Italy.

Savonnerie. 1604-1826. Royal French carpet makers incorporated into Gobelins.

Saxo Grammaticus. 12-13C. Writer of early Danish history. Hamlet 1213. Gesta Danorum.

Scandberg. 1404-68. Albanian prince, raised as hostage in Turkey. Led Albanians vs Turks 1444-66.

Scharnhorst, Gerhard von. 1755-1813. Prussian general, reorganized army. General staff system.

Schiner, Matthäus. c1465-1522. Led Swiss to defeat at Maignano. Established peace and neutrality of Switzerland.

Schleiermacher, Friedrich. 1768-1834. German Protestant theologian.

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