Costa Rica. 1502 Columbus discovers. 1564 Spain settles. 1821 Independent. 1822 Mexican Empire. 1823 CAF. 1838 Republic.

Count’s War. 1533-36. Danish war of succession. Confirmed Protestant Reformation and hereditary succession.

Courbet, Gustave. 1819-77. French Realist painter, socialist activist. Commune. The Artist’s Studio 1855.

Cranmer, Thomas. 1489-1556. First Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury. Executed by Queen Mary.

Crapper, Thomas. 1836-1910. British plumber. Installed Queen Victoria’s toilets. Manufacturer, but not inventor of syphonic flush toilets.

Crassus, Lucius. 140-91BC. Roman statesman, orator. Banished non-citizens, causing Social War.

Croce, Benedetto. 1866-1952. Italian statesman, philosopher. Opposed fascism.

Cross, Richard. 1823-1914. British statesman: First urban renewal act.

Crucifixion. Abolished 4C by Constantine.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Crystal Palace. 1851. Built for the Great Exhibition, London. First iron-framed. Burned, 1936. Paxton.

Cuban Missile Crisis. 1962. Kennedy blockades Cuba to prevent Soviet missile installation.

Cuban Revolution. 1956-9. Castro overthrows Batista.

Culpeper’s Rebellion. 1677-79. Carolina colonists vs England. Establish their own government.

Cunningham, Andrew. 1883-1963. WWII admiral, British chief of naval staff 1943-6.

Damiens, Robert-François. 1715-1757. Stabbed Louis XV. Quartered.

Dandolo, Enrico. c1108-1205. Blind Venice Doge. Captured Constantinople 1204.

Dario, Ruben. 1867-1916. Published Azul 1888, starting Modernismo movement.

Davis, John. 1550-1605. British explorer, Davis Strait 1585, Falkland Is. 1592. Invented backstaff quadrant 1594.

Dawes, Charles. 1865-1951. US statesman. Dawes Plan.

Dawes Plan. 1924-9. US economic assistance to Germany during reparations.

De-Stalinization. 1956. Soviet denunciation of Stalin’s regime and policies.

De Valéra, Eamon. 1882-1975. US/Irish mathematician. Led Easter Uprising. Led Sinn Fein, 1917-26. Founded Fianna Fáil 1926. Prime Minister of Irish Free State, 1931~59. President 59-73.

Deacon. Christian cleric. Lowest rank of Episcopal Holy Orders. Protestant lay official.

Dead Sea Scrolls. 3C BC-1C AD. Old Testament texts of Essenes. Discovered at Qumrum, 1947.

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