St-Germain-des-Prés. Paris church. 990-1021 on the site of 542 monastery by Childebert.

St Helena. 1502 Portugal discovers. 1659 British. 1815-21 Napoleon exiled. 1922 + Ascension Is. 1938 + Tristan da Cunha.

St Helens, Mt. 1980. Eruption.

St Médard Convulsionnaires. Believers in miraculous cures at St. Médard cemetery forbidden by Louis XV in 1732: “By Order of the King, Let God No Miracle Perform in this Place!”

St Paul’s. London Cathedral. 1287 Original. 1701 Wren finished.

Stafford, Henry. 1454-83. Aided, then opposed Richard III. Executed.

Stahl, Georg. 1660-1734. German chemist. Animalism-soul controls bodily functions. Theory of Combustion 1702.

Stanislavsky, Konstantin. 1863-1938. Russian director. Founded Moscow Art Theater 1898. Method Acting.

Star Chamber. 1327-1641. English tribunal to try offences against the state. Abused by Charles I.

Ste. Chapelle. 1246-8. Paris. Architect: Pierre de Montreuil. Built to house The Crown of Thorns.

Steiner, Jakob. 1796-1863. Swiss/German mathematician. Pioneered synthetic geometry.

Stockton, Frank. 1834-1902. US humour writer. The Lady or the Tiger 1884.

Stoicism. 4C BC. Ideal life of restraint, duty, ignoring passions, desires. Mind is a finer subdivision of matter. There are universal natural laws. Founded by Zeno.

Storm, Theodor. 1817-88. German Realist writer. Rider of the White Horse 1838. Pole Poppenspäler 1874.

Strasbourg Oath. 842. Charles II, Louis II oppose Lothair I. Earliest example of written French.

Strauss, David. 1808-74. German theologian: Gospel interpreted as myth. Life of Jesus 1835-6.

Stuart, Henry. 1725-1807. Last Stuart claimant to English throne. Left family jewels to George IV.

Stuart, James. 1688-1766. “The Old Pretender”. Catholic Prince of Wales, claimant to British throne. Jacobites.

Sturm und Drang. 1760-80. German anti-enlightenment literary movement. Goethe. Klinger.

Suárez, Francisco. 1548-1617. Spanish Scholastic philosopher, Jesuit theologian. Wrote against divine right of kings.

Suetonius. c69-122. Roman biographer. Lives of the Caesars.

Suffolk, First duke. c1484-1545. Brother-in-law, aide of Henry VIII. Incompetent military leader.

Suffolk, Duke of. -1554. Father, supported Lady Jane Grey. Executed for Wyat Rebellion.

Sully, Maurice de. 1120-96. Bishop; built Notre-Dame Cathedral, 1159-.

Supreme Privy Council. 1726-30. Effectively ruled Russia after Peter the Great’s death without heir.

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