Orléans, Louis Philippe, duc d’. 1747-93. Became Citizen Égalité 1892. Joined Third Estate. Father of King Louis-Philippe.

Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Ortega y Gasset, José. 1883-1955. Spanish philosopher: Terra de Nuestra Tiempo 1923. Revolt of the Masses 1929.

Ossianic Ballads. 11-18C Irish based on 3C themes of Finn MacCool. Oisin.

Ostracism. Athenian 10 year exile for disrupting stability.

Otto I. The Great. 912-73. King of Germany, 936-. Founded Holy Roman Empire, 962. Deposed Pope John XII.

Ottoman Empire. 1300-1922. Turkish empire in Balkans, Near East, N Africa. Conquered Byzantine Empire. 1402 Destroyed by Tamerlane. 1413 Rebuilt by Mehmed. 1453 Conquered Constantinople. Eastern Question. Mehmed II. Süleiman the Magnificent. Turkey.

Paean. Greek physician to the gods.

Painlevé, Paul. 1863-1933. French mathematician. Prime Minister 1917,25.

Palladium. Sacred image of Athena protecting Troy. Stolen by Odysseus.

Pallas. Greek giant killed by Athena.

Pantheism. Religion or philosophy identifying God with all that exists. Hinduism.

Pantheon. 27BC. Rome. Temple to all the gods. 609 converted to Christian church.

Panthéon. 1758-89. Paris. Soufflot. Ordered by Louis XV after recovering from illness.

Paré, Ambroise. 1510-90. Father of modern surgery. -“I apply the dressing. God heals the wound.” Invented articulating artificial limbs 1540.

Paris. Son of Priam. Carried Helen back to Troy, starting the Trojan Wars. Shot Achilles. Judged first beauty contest.

Paris, Matthew. -1259. English monk, historian. Chronica Majora. Historia Anglorum.

Parker, Charlie. 1920-55. US Jazz saxophonist. Father of Bebop.

Parker, Matthew “Nosey”. 1504-75. Archbishop of Canterbury 1559-. 39 Articles.

Parks, Rosa. 1913-. US ‘mother’ of Civil Rights Movement. Arrested, 1955, for not relinquishing her seat to a white man. King.

Parnassians. 1867-99. French detached anti-Romantic poetry school. Leconte de Lisle. Sully-Prudhomme. Verlaine. Gautier. Baudelaire.

Parthenopean Republic. 1799 Created by Napoleon at Naples. 1802 Nelson restores Bourbons 1806.

Pascal, Blaise. 1623-62. French mathematician, Jansenist philosopher, physician. Calculator 1642.Barometer 1646. Syringe 1648. Hydraulics. Probability 1654. Pensées 1670.

Patay, Battle. 1429. French rout British. Charles VII crowned. Orléans. Joan of Arc.

Pater, Walter. 1839-94. English critic devoted to ideal. Studies in History of Renaissance. Marcus the Epicurean.

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