Philippines. 1521 Magellan discovers. 1565 Spanish conquer. 1762-64 British occupy. 1898 US. 1935 Commonwealth. 1941-11 Japan occupies. 1946 Republic. 1973 Marcos dictator. 1986 Democracy. MacArthur.

Philistines. 12C BC- Peoples of Palestine defeated by Saul and David 10C BC. Samson.

Philo. c20BC-50. Alexandrian Jew. Reconciled Jewish faith with Greek reason.

Phocas. -610. Byzantine Emperor 602-. Persecuted Monophysites and Jews.

Phoenicians. Canaanites. 30-4C BC. Eastern Mediterranean traders from England to Africa. 20C BC Tyre. 15C BC invented alphabet. 814BC Carthage.

Phoenix Park Murders. 1882. British Secretary and Undersecretary of Ireland killed by terrorists.

Physiocrats. 18C. Agricultural based philosophy. Land is source of all wealth. Elimination of controls over economy. Laissez-Faire. Quesnay. Turgot.

Physiognomism. Belief in the relationship between personality types and facial characteristics. Lavater. Aristotle.

Pickens, Andrew. 1739-1817. American Revolutionary. Captured Atlanta.

Picquigney, Truce. 1475. France pays England to withdraw army.

Picts. Inhabitants of Scotland. Repelled Romans. Subdued by MacAlpin 843 creating Alban.

Pilâtre de Rosier, Jean-François. 1756-85. Physician and balloonist. First ascent 1783 with Montgolfier; First free flight 1783 with d’Arlandes. Killed trying to cross Channel.

Pilgrimage of Grace. 1536. Catholic uprising in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire against dissolution of monasteries, taxation and inflation.

Pillars of Hercules. Rock of Gibraltar and Jebel Musa.

Pilsudski, Józef. 1867-1935. Polish general, Head of State 1918-22, Prime Minister after coup 1926-. Defended Poland vs Russia 1919-20.

Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto. 1915-. Chilean President 1973-90. Coup vs Allende. Brutal dictatorship, torture and disappearances. Charged 1998.

Pinzón, Martín. c1441-93. Commanded Columbus’ Pinta.

Pinzon, Vicente. c1460-1523. Discovered Amazon 1500. Commanded Columbus’ Nina 1492,3.

Pirandello, Luigi. 1867-1936. Italian dramatist:Six Characters in Search of an Author 1921.

Piranesi, Giambattista. 1720-78. Italian architect and engraver. Views of Rome 1740s.

Pisa, Council. 1409. Elected Alexander V as third pope in failed attempt to end Great Schism.

Pisano, Andrea. 1270/90-1348/9. Italian sculptor. Florence Baptistery doors.

Pitmann, Isaac. 1813-97. English shorthand inventor 1837.

Plague. 429-425BC Athens. 33% died. 1347-53 Europe. (Black Death). Killed 25-50% population. 1603~65 England. 1720 Provençe. 1710 Scandinavia. 1894 China, Hong Kong. 100,000 died, 10M around world.

Planudes Maximus. 1260-c1310. Byzantine monk. Edited Greek Anthology of prose and poetry 1302.

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