Cánovas, Antonio. 1828-97. Spanish premier. Helped restore Alfonso XIII. Wrote constitution.

Canterbury Cathedral. 1070-89. First double transept.

Canterbury Christmas. 1647. Parliament bans Christmas celebration.

Canton Commune. 1927. Communist coup crushed by Kuomintang.

Canton System. 1759-1842. All China foreign trade through Canton.

Capetians. Dynasty that ruled France 987-1328.

Capital Punishment. Abolished: 1863 Venezuela; 1870 Netherlands; 1877 Costa Rica; 1949 Germany; 1965 Britain; 1969 Vatican City; 1972 US (reinstated 1976); 1976 Canada; 1981 France; (96 countries). Retained: Iran, Iraq, N Korea, USA (95 countries).

Capitalism. System of private ownership of property and industry for profit. Free enterprise. Smith.

Capone, Al. 1899-1947. Chicago mobster of 1920s.

Caporetto, Battle. 1917. Disastrous Italian loss vs Austria and Germany.

Capote, Truman. 1924-84. US novelist. Breakfast at Tiffany’s 1958. In Cold Blood 1965.

Capua. (Ancient) c600BC Etruria. c440BC Samnites. 338BC Rome. 216BC Hannibal. 211BC Rome. 456 Vandals. c840 Saracens destroy. Rebuilt as Sta Maria Capua Vetere.

Caran d’Ache. 1858-1909. Russian/French humorist, cartoonist.

Caravaggio. 1573-1610. Italian painter. Dramatic light, shadow. Naturalism. Fortune Teller, Guitarist 1590.

Caravaggist School of Painting. Themes of courtesan, cheaters. e.g. George de la Tour.

Carib. Warlike natives of Amazon Basin. 15C conquered Arawak. Cannibals. Decimated by disease. St Vincent.

Carissimi, Giacomo. 1604-74. Italian oratorio composer. Widened orchestral instrument variety.

Carlist Wars. 1833-9. 1872-6. Carlists.

Carlists. 1820-1937. Supporters, especially Basque, of Don Carlos’ claims vs Isabella under Salic Law.

Carlos, Don. 1788-1855. Claimed Spanish throne 1833, succeeding brother Ferdinand VII. Carlists.

Carlowitz, Treaty. 1699. Ottoman/Holy League. Austria gains Transylvania, Hungary.

Carlsbad Decrees. 1819. Censorship and repressive measures against liberal Burschenschaften.

Carlson, Chester. 1906-68. US. Invented xerography, 1940.

Carmathians. 890-10C. Moslem reform sect. Kidnaped and ransomed Stone of Ka’bah 930-950.

Carnap, Rudolph. 1891-1970. German/US Logical Positivist philosopher.

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