Stählberg, Kaarlo. 1865-1952. First President of independent Finland 1919-25. Constitution.

Stair, First earl. 1648-1707. Scottish under-secretary of state to William III. Approved Glencoe Massacre.

Stakhanovism. 1935. Soviet movement to increase workers’ output. Rewards for exceeding quota.

Stalin, Joseph. 1879-1953. Soviet bloodthirsty revolutionary. Leader 1924-. 5 Year Plans modernized Russia. 1928 Collectivization. 1932- Dictator. 1936-8 Purge. Turned Marxism to Nationalism and Imperialism. World Socialist Revolution under USSR. 1952 abolished Politburo.

Stalin Line. Soviet defensive fortifications along Polish border.

Stalingrad. Tsaritsyn. 1925 =Stalingrad. 1961 =Volgograd.

Stalingrad, Battle. 1942-3. Russian victory over Germans. Turning point of WWII.

Stamboliyski, Aleksandur. 1879-1923. Bulgarian Prime Minister, Dictator 1919-. Killed in right-wing coup.

Stambolov, Stefan. 1854-95. Bulgarian regent 1886-7. Prime Minister 1887-94. Dismissed by Ferdinand, murdered.

Stamp Act. 1765. British tax on newspapers and legal documents. A cause of American Revolution. Stamp Act Congress.

Stamp Act Congress. 1765. Issued Declaration of Rights and Grievances vs “taxation without representation”. American Revolution.

Standard Time. 1884. Standardized one hour divisions from Greenwich. Fleming.

Standish, Myles. 1584-1656. English Mayflower colonist. Led Plymouth colony.

Stanford, Charles. 1852-1924. Irish composer, led revival of English music. Irish Rhapsodies.

Stanford, Leland. 1824-93. US railroad builder. Stanford University 1885.

Stanhope, James. 1673-1721. English general. Negotiated Triple, Quadruple Alliances.

Stanislavsky, Konstantin. 1863-1938. Russian director. Founded Moscow Art Theater 1898. Method Acting.

Stanislaw I. 1677-1766. Polish king 1704-9, 1733-5. 1733 return sparked War of Polish Succession.

Stanislaw II. 1732-98. Last king of Poland 1764-95. Installed by his lover Catherine II.

Stanley, Henry. 1841-1904. British/US explorer in Africa 1868-95. Found Livingstone 1871. Founded Congo Free State.

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. 1815-1902. US suffrage leader. First woman’s rights convention 1848. Mott.

Star Chamber. 1327-1641. English tribunal to try offences against the state. Abused by Charles I.

Starhemberg, Ernst von. 1638-1701. Austrian Field Marshal. Defended Vienna vs Turks 1683.

Starley, John. Bicycle 1885. “Starley’s Rover”.

Starr, Belle. 1848-89. US horse thief, frontier heroine.

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