Marshal. Highest military rank in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China.

Marshall, John. 1755-1835. US Chief Justice. Marbury-Madison.

Marshall, Thurgood. 1908-93. First black on US Supreme Court 1967-92.

Marston Moor, Battle. 1644. English Civil War turning point. Cromwell defeats Rupert.

Marsyas. Mythical Phrygian artist. Challenged Apollo to musical contest.

Martello Towers. 1804. Swiss designed defensive towers on English coast against Napoleon.

Martha. Sister of Mary and Lazarus. Symbol of active life.

Martin, St. c316-97. Bishop of Tours. Introduced monasticism to France. French patron saint.

Martin I, St. Pope 649-55. Convoked Lateran Council to debate Monothelitism.

Marvell, Andrew. 1621-78. English satirical poet. To His Coy Mistress. Poems on Affairs of State 1689.

Marx, Karl. 1818-83. German socialist philosopher: Communist Manifesto 1848. Das Kapital 1867. Dialectical Materialism. Marxism.

Marxism. Official dogma of Communism. Dialectical Materialism. “Perfect economic system will not require political state.” Marx. Engels. Value is based on labour. Maoism. Leninism.

Mary. Virgin mother of Jesus. Free from Original Sin. Most important Roman Catholic saint.

Mary I. Bloody Mary. 1516-58. Tudor queen of England 1553-. Married Philip II of Spain. Reinstated Roman Catholicism 1555. Persecuted Protestants. Lost Calais.

Mary Magdalene, St. Disciple, exorcised by Jesus. Saw him resurrected.

Mary Stuart. 1542-87. Queen of Scots 1542-67. Abdicated. Married Francis II. Queen of France 1559-60. Married Darnley 1565. Married Bothwell 1567, causing Scottish Revolt. Beheaded with Babington by Elizabeth I. Mother of James I.

Masada. 66-73. Last Zealot stronghold vs Rome. 2 Year siege.

Masaryk, Thomas. 1850-1937. Founder, first President of Czechoslovakia, 1918-35.

Maskeyline, Nevil. 1732-1811. English astronomer. Longitude from moon position 1763. Nautical Almanac 1766.

Mason-Dixon Line. 1763-7. MD-PA border named for its 2 surveyors. 1820- Separated slave/free states.

Masora. 6-10C. Hebrew reconstruction of Old Testament.

Massachussets Bay Co. 1620-84. English charter company established Theocracy in Mass. Charter annulled 1684. Plymouth Colony.

Massasoit. c1580-1661. American Indian chief, friend of Massachussets colonists.

Massey, Vincent. 1887-1967. First Canadian-born Governor-General of Canada 1952-9.

Mastaba. First Dynasty Egyptian tombs. Inspired pyramids.

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