Linnaeus, Carolus. 1707-78. Swedish botanist. Created Latin genus/species naming convention. Systema Naturae 1735. Philosophia Botanica 1751. Classified Homo Sapiens 1766.

Liotard, Jean Etienne. 1702-89. Swiss pastel portrait painter.

Lippershey, Hans. 1570-1619. Dutch. First telescope, 1608.

List, Friedrich. 1789-1846. German economist. Advocated protectionism. National System of Political Economy 1846.

Lister, Joseph. 1827-1912. English surgeon. Introduced carbolic acid for antiseptic surgery, 1865.

Liszt, Franz. 1811-86. Hungarian pianist, Romantic composer. Harmonic innovator.

Little Bighorn, Battle. 1876. Sitting Bull led Sioux and Cheyenne defeat Custer’s cavalry.

Little Masters. Engravers influenced by Durer. Behem.

Littré, Paul-Émile. 1801-81. French positivist philosopher. Dictionary of the French Language 1863-73.

Liturgical Movement. 19-20C Christian church modernization of liturgy.

Liu Shao-ch’i. 1898-1969. Chinese head of state 1959-. Denounced 1966,8. Rehabilitated 1980.

Livia Drusilla. 58BC-29 AD. Influential wife of Augustus. Mother of Tiberius.

Livingstone, David. 1813-73. Scottish missionary, central Africa 1840-73. Discovered Victoria Falls, Zambesi River. Stanley.

Livonia. 9C Livs. 1237 Teutonic Knights. 1569 Lithuania/ Poland. 1660 Sweden. 1721 Russia. 1918 Estonia/ Latvia.

Livonian Knights. 1202-1561. German religious order to Christianize Baltic. Livonia.

Livy. c59BC-17 AD. Roman historian. 142 volume Annals of Rome 29BC-.

Lloyd George, David. 1863-1945. British Liberal Prime Minister,1916-22. Unemployment insurance. Irish Free State. War cabinet, 1916.

Lloyd Webber, Andrew. 1948-. British composer of popular musicals. Jesus Christ, Superstar 1971. Evita 1978. Cats 1981. Phantom of the Opera.

Llull, Raimon. 1235-1316. Catalan Neoplatonic Idealist mystic poet, alchemist. Tried to convert Moslems. Felix 1288.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

Lockerbie Scotland. 1988 Terrorist bomb downs PanAm plane killing 270. Libya.

Lodge, Henry Cabot. 1850-1924. US isolationist senator, blocked US entry to League of Nations.

Lodi, Battle. 1796. Napoleon defeats Austria in Italy.

LogicalPositivism. 1920s. Philosophy. Only experimentally verifiable scientific truth counts. Vienna Circle. Wittgenstein.

Loisy, Alfred. 1857-1940. French Modernist religious scholar.

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