Jack the Ripper. Murderer of 7 London prostitutes 1887-8. Identity unknown.

Jackson, Andrew. 1767-1845. US President 1829-37. General 1812-18. Opposed tarrifs. Retired public debt 1835. Spoils system. Universal white male suffrage. Kitchen Cabinet. New Orleans.

Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall”. 1824-63. Mexican War and Confederacy general. Bull Run, Shenandoah, Antietam.

Jacob. Old Testament. 3rd patriarch of 12 tribes of Israel. Grandson of Abraham. Son of Isaac. God changed name to Israel.

Jacobean Architecture. 1600-1625. English Tudor style refined, restrained and harmonized. U and H plans. Jones.

Jacobins. 1789-94. Robespierre-led radical democratic French Revolutionary group. In power 1793-4. -“Holy League against the enemies of liberty”.

Jacobites. 1688-1753. Supporters of exiled James II and Stuart line after Glorious Revolution. 1715 “Old Pretender” James fails to claim British throne. 1745-6. Bonnie Prince Charlie unable to reclaim throne of England/Scotland. Stuart supporters aided rebels in Scotland and Ireland. Culloden Moor.

Jade Emperor. Taoist supreme god of the universe, lives in jade palace.

Jagiello. 14-16C. Dynasty ruling Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania.

Jagirdar System. 13C-. Indian feudal system granting tax revenues to officials.

Jahn, Friedrich. 1778-1852. German “father of gymnastics”. Turnverein.

Jainism. 6C BC-. Pacifist ascetic Indian religion incorporating elements of Hinduism.

Jamaica. Arawak. 1494 Columbus discovers. 1509 Spanish. 1655 British. 1959 Self-government. 1962 Independent.

James, Henry. 1843-1916. US psychological novelist. American 1877. Washington Square 1881. Turn of the Screw 1898. Compared innocence of New World with corruption of Old.-“It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature”.

James, St. -c44. One of 12 Apostles. Martyred by Herod Agrippa I.

James, St. -c62. Apostle. “Lord’s brother”. Wrote Epistle of James.

James I. 1566-1625. James VI of Scotland 1567-. King of England 1603-. United Scotland and England. Authorized Bible 1611.“Wisest fool in Christianity”. Gunpowder Plot. Religious controversy.

Jamestown. 1607. First permanent English settlement in North America.

Janissaries. 1330-1826. Ottoman sultan’s powerful bodyguard. First recruited from Christian children. Massacred by Mahmud II after revolt.

Jansen, Cornelis. 1585-1638. Dutch theologian whose theses created Jansenism. Augustinus 1640.

Jansenism. 1640-1730. Sought return to severity of Augustine. Opposed Jesuits. Gallicanism. Arnauld. Suppressed by Louis XIV. Pascal. Quesnel.

Japan. 660BC Empire founded by legendary Jimmu. 5C AD First unified state. c552 Buddhism. 1192 First Shogun ruler. 1543 European contact (Portugal). 1639 Isolation. 1868 Meiji restoration. 1945-52 Allies occupy. 1947 Constitutional monarchy.

Jaruzelski, Wojciech. 1923-. Polish leader 1981-90. Banned Solidarity -1989. First free elections, 1989, since WWII.

Jason. Led Argonauts in quest for Golden Fleece.

Jaspers, Karl. 1883-1969. German Existential philosopher. Philosophie 1932.

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