Hallmark. 1300. First required in Britain.

Hallstatt. ~1100BC. Pioneer iron-age culture in Austria. Spread to Spain, Greece.

Hamas. 1987-. Militant terrorist movement for elimination of Israel and establishment of a Palestinian state. Denounced 1993 peace agreement. PLO.

Hambach Festival. 1832. Young Germany demonstration.

Hamilton, Alexander. 1755-1804. US Federalist statesman. First Secretary of Treasury. Killed in duel by Burr.

Hamilton, James. 1606-49. Scottish Royalist. Defeated by Cromwell. Hanged.

Hamilton-Gordon, George. 1784-1860. British Prime Minister 1852-55. Oregon Treaty. Crimean War.

Hammerstein, Oscar. 1895-1960. US librettist. Oklahoma! 1943. Rogers.

Hammett, Dashiell. 1894-1961. US detective story writer. The Thin Man 1952. Maltese Falcon 1930.

Hamsun, Knut. 1859-1952. Norwegian modernist writer. Hunger 1890.

Han. 202BC-220. Chinese dynasty. Promoted Confucianism, education, culture, bureaucracy. KaoTsu.

Han Wu Ti. 156-87BC. Chinese Emperor 140-. Confucianism as state religion. Exam system for civil service used to 20C.

Hancock, John. 1737-93. American revolutionary. First signer of Declaration of Independence.

Hand, Learned. 1872-1961. US jurist. Alcoa Antitrust case. Monopoly unlawful. No duty not to minimize one’s taxes 1947.

Handfasting. 1 yr trial marriage, Scotland.

Hannibal. 247-182BC. Carthaginian leader. Crossed the Alps with elephants in winter to attack Rome 217BC. St Bernard Pass. Punic Wars.

Hanno. 5C BC. Carthaginian. Established colonies in West Africa.

Hanover. Dynasty of Germany 1692-1866, Britain 1714-1901.

Hansson, Per. 1885-1946. Swedish Prime Minister 1932-. Maintained neutrality in WWII.

Hapsburg. Dynasty ruled Austria 1278-1918, Spain 1516-1700, Holy Roman Empire 1273-1806, Netherlands. 1712-97, Hungary 1526~1918.

Harald I. c850-933. First Norwegian king 860-930. Colonized Iceland c874.

Harald Blue Tooth. c910-985. First Christian Danish king c940-. Unified Denmark, conquered Norway.

Hardy, Thomas. 1840-1928. English novelist: Far from the Madding Crowd 1874; Mayor of Casterbridge 1886; Jude the Obscure 1896. Man as victim of fate. -“the worth encompassed by the inevitable”.

Harley, Robert. 1661-1724. British Tory Secretary of State 1704-8. Head of Tory ministry 1710-14.

Harmony Society. Protestant celibate ascetic communal sect. Founded Harmony, PA 1806.

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