Gestapo. 1933-45. Hitler’s internal secret police under Goering.

Ghana. 1957 Gold Coast + British Togoland =Ghana. 1960 Republic. 1981 Dictator.

Ghana, Ancient. Trading empire c300-1200. ≈southeast Mauritania + west Mali.

Ghazali, al-. 1058-1111. Islamic Sufi philosopher, mystic.

Ghazan, Mahmud. 1271-1304. Mongol Persian ruler 1295-. Made Islam state religion.

Ghaznavid. 977-1186. Turkish dynasty in Iran, Afghanistan, India.

Ghiberti, Lorenzo. c1378-1455. Florentine naturalistic sculptor and architect. John the Baptist 1414. Florence Baptistery doors 1425-50.

Giacometti, Alberto. 1901-66. Swiss sculptor. Stretched figures.

Gibbon, Edward. 1737-94. English historian. Decline and Fall of Roman Empire 1776-88.

Gibbon, Grinling. 1648-1720. English woodcarver on Wren’s buildings. St. Paul’s. Blenheim.

Gibbon, John. First heart-lung machine 1953.

Giffard, Henri. First steam airship 1852.

Gilbert, William. 1540-1603. English scientist. Earth’s magnetic field, 1600. Coined term ’electricity’.

Gilbert, William. 1834-1911. Librettist with Sullivan. Pirates of Penzance 1879. Mikado 1885.

Gilded Age. Post American Civil War period of materialism, questionable ethics. Named by Mark Twain.

Giolitti, Giovanni. 1842-1928. Italian Prime Minister 1892~1921. Universal male suffrage 1912.

Giorgione. c1477-1510. Venetian painter. Tempest c1505. Madonna of Castel franco c1504.

Giotto. c1266-1337. Florentine fresco painter. First to abandon Byzantine style. Arena Chapel frescoes 1305. Madonna and Child c1314.

Girondins. 1791-3 Moderate French republicans. Tried to save king’s life. Most executed. Danton.

Girtin, Thomas. 1775-1802. English watercolorist.

Giscard d’Éstaing, Valéry. 1926-. French UDF President 1974-81.

Giulio Romano. 1492-1546. Italian Mannerist painter, architect. Palazzo del Te 1525/6.

Gladstone, William. 1809-98. English Liberal reform Prime Minister 1868~94. Secret ballot. Public Education. Irish land reforms.

Glasnost. Openness. Gorbachev’s policy to promote freedom of expression, reduce secrecy.

Glendower, Owen. c1354-1416. Led last Welsh revolt vs English rule 1400-12.

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