Brussels, Treaty. 1948. = Western Union. 50 year alliance of Britain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands. 1954 + W Germany, Italy.

Cape of Good Hope. Bantu. 1652 Dutch. 1814 British Cape Colony. 1910 Province, South Africa.

Capital Punishment. Abolished: 1863 Venezuela; 1870 Netherlands; 1877 Costa Rica; 1949 Germany; 1965 Britain; 1969 Vatican City; 1972 US (reinstated 1976); 1976 Canada; 1981 France; (96 countries). Retained: Iran, Iraq, N Korea, USA (95 countries).

Charles V. 1500-1558. Hapsburg king of Netherlands 1515-55, Spain 1516-56, Germany 1519-. Holy Roman Emperor 1519-56. Fought Francis I. Divided Austria from Spain. Fought Turks.

Eighty Years War. 1568~1648. Netherlands wins indep from Spain.

European Union. 1958 European Economic Community (EEC) of Belgium, France, W Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands. To integrate economic development of members. 1967 =European Community (EC). 1973 +UK, Ireland, Denmark. 1981+Greece. 1985 -Greenland. 1986 +Spain, Portugal. 1990 +former E Germany. 1993 =European Union (EU). Maastricht Treaty. European Parliament. European Court of Justice.

Grand Alliance, War of. 1689-97. Spain, Sweden, England, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs French expansionism. Negotiated Peace. King William’s War. Namur. Augsburg League.

Hapsburg. Dynasty ruled Austria 1278-1918, Spain 1516-1700, Holy Roman Empire 1273-1806, Netherlands. 1712-97, Hungary 1526~1918.

Holland. Netherlands.

Holy Roman Empire. 962-1806. Germanic Empire with elected king. Successor to Western Roman Empire. Geographically: Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria; most of Italy, Bohemia; part of France. Hapsburg. Austrian Empire.

Indonesia.16C Portuguse influence. 1602 Dutch East India Co. 1798 Netherlands(Java). 1811-16 Britishs occupy. 1910 Unified as Dutch colony. 1945 Independent. Java. Borneo. Bali. Sumatra.

Irian Jaya. (Netherlands New Guinea). 1963 «Indonesia.

Juliana. 1909-. Queen of Netherlands 1948-80.

London Treaty. 1674 Holland, England end War. 1824 Netherlands, Britain for control of Malaya. 1827 Britain, France, Russia to force mediation on Turkey/Greek freedom fighters. 1831 Belgian War of Independence. 1832 Britain, France, Bavaria made Otto I, King of Greece. 1852 Danish Succession. 1867 Luxembourg independence granted. 1871 Ended neutrality of Black Sea. 1913 Ended first Balkan War. 1915 (Secret) Britain-France-Russia grant concessions to Italy for joining WWI allies. Revealed by Bolsheviks 1918.

Low Countries. Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands.

Mary of Burgundy. 1457-82. Duchess. Marriage to Maximilian I gave Netherlands to Hapsburgs.

NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949- Collective defence alliance of Western European and North Atlantic countries to preserve democratic freedom. UK, Canada, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, US. 1952 Greece, Turkey, 1955 FRG. 1964 -Greece. 1966 -France. 1980 +Greece. 1982 +Spain. 1993 +France. 1999 +Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic. 2004 +Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Netherlands. Celts, Germans. 1C Rome. 400 Franks...Carolingian. 9C HRE. 1477 Hapsburg. 1555 Spain. 1581 Independent(N) = United Provinces. 1795 France. Batavian Republic. 1806 Kingdom of Holland. 1810 «France. 1815 United Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1830 -Belgium. 1940-45 Germans occupy.

Netherlands, Austrian. 1714-94.

Netherlands Guiana. Surinam.

New Guinea. 1512 Portugal discovers. 1828 Netherlands(W). 1884 Dutch/British(SE)/German(NE). 1906 British part(SE) to Australia. 1921 League of Nations Australian mandate(NE). 1945 Mandate +Papua. 1963 Dutch part(W) to Indonesia. 1975 Papua New Guinea.

Orange, House of. French dynasty influential in Netherlands. William I. William III.

Sri Lanka. (Ceylon). Veddah. 5C BC Sinhalese from northern India settle. 1100 Tamil(N)/ Sinh(S). 1505 Portugal. 1656 Netherlands. 1796 British. 1948 Independent. 1972 = Sri Lanka.

United Provinces. 1581-1795. Dutch unite vs Spain. Netherlands.

United States of America. USA. 40,000-20,000BC Asians settle. 1492-1776 Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands, Britain colonize. 1776 American Revolution. 1783 Thirteen Colonies independent. Manifest Destiny. 1845 +Texas. 1848 +California. 1867 +Alaska. 1898 +Hawaii, Puerto Rico.

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