Petersburg Campaign. 1864-5. Virginia. Final action of American Civil War leading to Confederate defeat.

Phalangists. 1936-2000 Militant Maronites vs Moslems in Lebanese Civil War.

Prefect. Roman civil servants delegated Consul’s power.

Preston, Battle. 1648. Cromwell defeats Charles I last forces in English Civil War.

Protectorate. 1653-9. English government after Civil War by Instrument of Government. Cromwell.

Pym, John. 1583-1643. English Puritan. Led Long Parliament. Civil War.

Randolph, A. Philip. 1889-1979. US black civil rights/labor leader. March on Washington 1963.

Reconstruction. 1865-77. Post Civil War US. Military control of south. Civil Rights Act. Carpetbaggers.

Reforma. 1854-76. Mexican civil war. Ouster of Santa Anna. Reduced power of army, church. Tejada Law. Juárez.

Roebling, John. 1806-69. US civil enginerer. First steel cable suspension bridges. Began Brooklyn Bridge.

Rosenberg, Julius, Ethel. 1918,1916-53. First US civilians executed for spying for Soviet Union.

Roundhead. Derisory term applied to Parliamentarians during English Civil War.

Rupert, Prince. 1619-82. Royalist commander in English Civil War. First President of Hudson’s Bay Co.

Russian Civil War. 1918-22. Trotsky’s Red Army defeat White counter-revolutionaries. Baltic liberated.

Sanctuary, Right of. Established 4C Rome. England until 1623 (criminal), 18C (civil). Europe until 1789. Asylum in church for 1 month.

Sarmiento, Domingo. 1811-88. First civilian Argentine president. 1868-74.

Saturn. Roman god of agriculture and civilization. = Cronus. Saturnalia festival influenced Christmas.

Savigny, Friedrich von. 1779-1861. German jurist, historian of Roman and medieval law. Modern system of civil law.

Shenandoah. Site of American Civil War battles 1861-5.

Sherman, William. 1820-91. American Civil War general. -“War is hell”.

Shiloh, Battle. 1862. Second American Civil War battle. No clear victor.

Sonderbund. 1845-7. League of Catholic Swiss cantons defeated in civil war.

Sulla, Lucius. 138-78BC. Roman consul 88-79. Dictator 82-79. Civil war with Marius. Murdered thousands of opponents. Conquered Athens. Constitutional reforms.

Sumerians. c6000-2000BC Civilization in Tigris-Euphrates valley. First writing system. First legal code. Akkad. Ur.

Sumter, Fort. 1861. Confederate attack. First aggression of American Civil War.

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