Tupac Amaru. c1742-81. Peruvian Indian revolutionary vs Spanish rule 1780-1. Mutilated, drawn, quartered, beheaded.

Ultraismo. 1918-30. Spanish Symbolist poetry movement. Free verse, daring imagery.

Unamuno, Miguel de. 1864-1936. Spanish philosopher: Tragic Sense of Life 1913.

Utrecht, Treaties. 1713-14. Ended War of Spanish Succession. Austria gains Netherlands. France cedes Newfoundland, Hudson’s Bay, Nova Scotia to England. Spain cedes Gibraltar, Minorca to England.

Utrecht, Union of. 1579. United Provinces alliance created vs Spanish rule in Netherlands.

Valdivia, Pedro de. 1498-1554. Spanish conqueror of Chile, 1450. Founded Santiago.

Vega Carpio, Lope Felix de. 1562-1635. “Father” of Spanish drama. 1800 plays. Italian form to Spanish poetry.

Velázquez, Diego. 1599-1660. Spanish Naturalist court painter. Old Woman Frying Eggs 1618. Coronation of the Virgin 1641. Philip IV 1644. Surrender of Breda. Borrachos. Venus and Mirror 1655.

Verona Congress. 1822. Last Holy Alliance congress. Authorized French intervention in Spanish revolution. British opposed intervention in New Spain. Failure of Congress System.

Vervins, Treaty. 1598. Spain withdraws support of French Catholic League. Ends Franco-Spanish War. Spanish acquisitions returned to France.

Victoria, Tomás Luis de. c1548-1611. Spanish composer. Pioneer of contrapuntal music. Requiem 1605.

Villars, duc de. 1653-1734. French Marshal. War of Spanish Succession. War of Polish Succession.

Western Sahara. Spanish Sahara. 1976-91 Mauritania, Morocco, Polisario Independence Front dispute. 1991- awaiting referendum.

Westphalia, Peace of. 1648. Conclusion of the Thirty Years War between Germany, France, and Sweden and Spanish-Dutch 80 Years War. Formal recognition of Swiss independence. Dutch independence. HRE weakened. Religious toleration. Confirmed Augsburg.

Wolf, Hugo. 1860-1903. Austrian poet/song writer. Subtle interweaving of piano and vocal based on German, Spanish, Italian poems.

Yerba Buena. 1776-1846. Spanish mission...San Francisco.

Zurbaran, Francisco de. 1598-1664. Spanish religious Baroque tenebrist painter. Monk 1630.

Zutphen, Battle. 1586. Spanish victory in Holland.

Alabama Claims. 1872. US claim damages caused by British built warships in Civil War. $15M=£3.25M awarded by arbitration.

Ali. 4th Caliph, 656-661. Son-in-law of Muhammad. Succession led to Sunni/Shi’ite split. Moslem Civil War.

American Civil Liberties Union. ACLU. 1920-. US legal action group supporting civil rights.

American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

Amorites. 1900-1600BC. Babylonian civilization conquered Sumerians. Hammurabi.

Aryans. 2000BC. Nomads from Steppes spread to India. Founded Indus Civilization, 3240-2750BC. Hyksos Empire in Syria, 1720-1550BC. Introduced horse chariots. Basis for all Indo-European languages.

Barton, Clara. 1821-1912. US Civil War nurse. Founded US Red Cross 1881.

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