Salvi, Niccolò. 1697-1751. Italian sculptor. Trevi Fountain 1732.

Sannazzaro, Jacopo. 1456-1530. Italian humanist, poet. Arcadia 1504.

Saracens. Moslems in the Middle Ages. Caliphate Empire.

Sargent, John Singer. 1856-1925. Italian/US portrait painter. Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose 1886.

Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1905-80. French existentialist philosopher: L’Etre et le Néant 1943. Social responsibility of freedom. (refused).

Sassanids. 224-. Last Persian dynasty before Moslem conquest 637-51.

Saturn. Roman god of agriculture and civilization. = Cronus. Saturnalia festival influenced Christmas.

Savoy. 1034- Noble dynasty of France, Switzerland. Italian kings 1861-1946.

Scala, Cangrande I della. 1291-1329. Lord of Verona, patron of Dante.

Scaliger, Joseph. 1540-1609. Classical scholar. Founded science of chronology.

Scaliger, Julius Caesar. 1484-1558. Italian/French classical scholar. “Father” of literary criticism. Poetics 1561.

Scaramouche. Italian clown, at 83 could knock off his partner’s hat with a high kick.

Scarlatti, Alessandro. 1660-1725. Italian composer of oratorios and operas. Neapolitan School. Influenced classical harmony.

Scarlatti, Domenico. 1685-1757. Italian composer. 555 Sonatas for harpsichord 1737-. Operas 1703-.

Schein, Johann. 1586-1630. Reformation composer. Introduced Italian Baroque to German music.

Schelling, Friedrich. 1775-1854. German Idealist philosopher. -’artist is superior to thinker’.

Schiaparelli, Giovanni. 1835-1910. Italian ’discoverer’ of non-existent canals on Mars.

Schiner, Matthäus. c1465-1522. Led Swiss to defeat at Maignano. Established peace and neutrality of Switzerland.

Schopenhauer, Arthur. 1788-1860. German pessimist Idealist philosopher. Will is superior to knowledge. World viewed as will and ideas. Every individual is a part of a Universal Will.

Schütz, Heinrich. 1585-1672. Founded German church music with Italian style. Wrote first German opera, Dafne 1627.

Scott, George. 1811-78. English Gothic Revival architect: Oxford Martyrs’ Memorial 1841. Albert Memorial 1863-72.

Sea Lion, Operation. Battle of Britain.

Secret Speech. 1956. Khrushchev call for destalinization in USSR leads to Hungarian, Polish uprisings.

Seljuks. 1075-1242. Turkish dynasty ruled Caliphate Empire. Attacks vs Byzantines led to Crusades. Nucleus for Ottoman Empire.

Semele. Dionysus’ mother. Killed, then immortalized.

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